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Bisphenol A in fish, seawater, and fishermen’s urine: measurement and health risk assessment in southern Iran

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Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupter with several adverse effects on human health and the natural ecosystem. BPA could be accumulated in marine environments and released into the food chain. The present study measured the concentration of BPA in 20 seawater samples, 128 fish as well as 20 urine samples of fishermen. Four highly used fish species including Silver pomfret (Pampus Argenteus), Tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber), Longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol), and Stripped piggy (Pomadasys stridens) were purchased from the markets of coastal cities of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. Measurement of BPA was conducted using GC–MS. We estimated the health risk attributed to BPA exposure for fish consumers and skin contact with seawater in the studied areas. The maximum and minimum mean BPA concentrations were measured in Longtail tuna (11.55 ng/g) and Silver pomfret (2.99 ng/g), respectively. Also, the concentrations of BPA in the urine samples ranged from 1.58 ± 0.82 to 2.64 ± 0.62 μg/L. The lowest and highest mean concentrations of BPA in the seawater samples were estimated to be 0.015 ± 0.008 μg/L in Chabahar and 0.038 ± 0.008 μg/L in Bushehr, respectively. Urinary concentration of BPA was significantly associated with the age and BMI of fishermen (P < 0.05). The hazard quotients (HQs) in children was higher than that of adult one. HQderm was estimated more than 1; however, the measure of HQing of fish was negligible. It could be concluded that there is a risk of unhealthy conditions due to dermal contact with BPA, especially in fishermen and their families.

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Acknowledgements

This article was extracted from the Ph.D. thesis of Yaser Soltani Nejad, and the authors are grateful to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences for funding and providing the necessary facilities to perform this research (Grant No. ETRC-0011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Y. Soltani Nejad, Y. Tahmasebi Birgani, M. J. Mohammadi & A. A. Babaei

  2. Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Y. Tahmasebi Birgani & A. A. Babaei

  3. Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    M. J. Mohammadi

  4. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    A. Dehghan

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  1. Y. Soltani Nejad
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Contributions

Conceptualization, AAB methodology were contributed by YSN, YTB, and MJM; writing the original draft was contributed by YSN; software and formal analysis were contributed by YSN and AD; writing—review and editing, was contributed by AAB and AD; funding acquisition, resources, and supervision were contributed by AA Babaei.

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Correspondence to A. A. Babaei.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Editorial responsibility: Jing Chen.

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Soltani Nejad, Y., Tahmasebi Birgani, Y., Mohammadi, M.J. et al. Bisphenol A in fish, seawater, and fishermen’s urine: measurement and health risk assessment in southern Iran. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 3891–3900 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04833-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04833-9

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