Abstract
The application of the recirculation process in the biological wastewater treatment process was considered as an effective approach in promoting biomass retention and mixing intensity, enhancing the performance of treating wastewater. In this study, a recirculated sequencing batch reactor (R-SBR) was developed in the treatment of anaerobically digested vinasse. The comparative study of the conventional sequencing batch reactor (without recirculation process) and R-SBR was determined through the treatment performances and kinetic studies. The chemical oxygen demand and ammonium reduction of R-SBR (52.5 ± 8.0% and 31.7 ± 7.9%) were higher than the conventional sequencing batch reactor (31.8 ± 4.3% and 17.3 ± 5.3%) at the feed flow rate of 1.0 L/day. This result revealed that the enhancement of the mass transfer between activated sludge and substrate could improve the biodegradation of the R-SBR. Moreover, the effect of feed flow rate as a significant factor to achieve effective biodegradation was determined in the R-SBR system. The maximum chemical oxygen demand reduction (63.0%) and ammonium reduction (41.3%) of R-SBR were achieved at the lowest feed flow rate (1.0 L/day) from 1.0 to 5.0 L/day. The chemical oxygen demand reduction of R-SBR could be explained by using pseudo-first-order kinetics with rate constant (k1) (0.0356 day−1). The kinetic study revealed that the R-SBR achieved the most effective performance at the lowest feed flow rate. Thus, the recirculation process as a feasible process improved the treatment performance in the R-SBR system at low feed flow rate.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad JSM, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Shimizu K, Utsumi M, Lei Z, Lee DJ, Tay JH (2019) Algal-bacterial aerobic granule based continuous-flow reactor with effluent recirculation instead of air bubbling: Stability and energy consumption analysis. Bioresour Technol Reports 7:100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100215
Alattabi AW, Harris CB, Alkhaddar RM, Ortoneda-Pedrola M, Alzeyadi AT (2019) An investigation into the effect of MLSS on the effluent quality and sludge settleability in an aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor (AASBR). J Water Process Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.08.017
Costa AM, Alfaia RGDSM, Campos JC (2019) Landfill leachate treatment in Brazil–an overview. J Environ Manag 232:110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.006
Cui P, Zhou X, Zhang Y (2011) The feasibility study of cotton pulp wastewater treatment with IC anaerobic reactor. Procedia Environ Sci 11:686–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.12.107
Denecke M, Eilmus S, Röder N, Roesch C, Bothe H (2012) Molecular identification of the microbial diversity in two sequencing batch reactors with activated sludge. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 93:1725–1734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3474-1
Hasnain G, Khan SJ, Khan SA, Awais U, Junaid M, Ali A, Raza N, Pervez S (2016) Optimization of hydraulic retention time (HRT) employing statistical tools of a lab-scale sequencing batch rector (SBR) treating real wastewater of a University campus 9, 129–140
Hoh D, Watson S, Kan E (2016) Algal biofilm reactors for integrated wastewater treatment and biofuel production: a review. Chem Eng J 287:466–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.062
Ibrahim HTY (2017) Study of aeration timeeffect on COD and ammonia removal by sequencing batch reactor. J Babylon Univ 25:276–284
Idris N, Lutpi NA, Wong YS, Izhar TNT (2018) Acclimatization study for biohydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in continuous-flow system. E3S Web Conf 34, 02054. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402054
Isaka K, Kimura Y, Yamamoto T, Osaka T, Tsuneda S (2013) Complete autotrophic denitrification in a single reactor using nitritation and anammox gel carriers. Bioresour Technol 147:96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2013.07.095
Jagaba AH, Kutty SRM, Lawal IM, Abubakar S, Hassan I, Zubairu I, Umaru I, Abdurrasheed AS, Adam AA, Ghaleb AAS, Almahbashi NMY, Al-dhawi BNS, Noor A (2021) Sequencing batch reactor technology for landfill leachate treatment: A state-of-the-art review. J Environ Manage 282:111946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111946
Jiang J, Wu J, Zhang J, Poncin S, Li HZ (2014) Multiscale hydrodynamic investigation to intensify the biogas production in upflow anaerobic reactors. Bioresour Technol 155:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.079
Jiménez AM, Borja R, Martín A, Raposo F (2005) Mathematical modelling of aerobic degradation of vinasses with Penicillium decumbens. Process Biochem 40:2805–2811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.12.011
Kapdan IK (2005) Kinetic analysis of dyestuff and COD removal from synthetic wastewater in an anaerobic packed column reactor. Process Biochem 40:2545–2550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.11.002
Lee S, Badoux GO, Wu B, Chong TH (2021) Enhancing performance of biocarriers facilitated gravity-driven membrane (GDM) reactor for decentralized wastewater treatment: Effect of internal recirculation and membrane packing density. Sci Total Environ 762:144104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144104
Liu J, Wang C, Wu K, Huang L, Tang Z, Zhang C, Wang C, Zhao X, Yin F, Yang B, Liu J, Yang H, Zhang W (2020a) Novel start-up process for the efficient degradation of high COD wastewater with up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket technology and a modified internal circulation reactor. Bioresour Technol 308:123300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123300
Liu M, Yao B, Cong S, Ma T, Zou D (2020b) Optimization of wastewater phosphorus removal in winter temperatures using an anaerobic-critical aerobic strategy in a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor. Water (switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010110
Liu S, Daigger GT, Liu B, Zhao W, Liu J (2020c) Enhanced performance of simultaneous carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater in an anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor (AOA-SBR) system by alternating the cycle times. Bioresour Technol 301:122750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122750
Luo G, Li J, Li Y, Wang Z, Li WT, Li AM (2016) Performance, kinetics behaviors and microbial community of internal circulation anaerobic reactor treating wastewater with high organic loading rate: Role of external hydraulic circulation. Bioresour Technol 222:470–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.023
Madaleno LL, de BarrosKesserlingTeixeiraDudaOliveira VGMAJRRMRA (2020) The recycling of biodigested vinasse in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor is a feasible approach for the conservation of freshwater in the biofuel ethanol industry. J Clean Prod 262:121196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121196
Mane JD, Modi S, Nagawade S, Phadnis SP, Bhandari VM (2006) Treatment of spentwash using chemically modified bagasse and colour removal studies. Bioresour Technol 97:1752–1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.10.016
Mittal A (2011) Biological wastewater treatment. Water Today 1:32–44
Nawaz T, Rahman A, Pan S, Dixon K, Petri B, Selvaratnam T (2020) A review of landfill leachate treatment by microalgae: Current status and future directions. Processes 8:1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/PR8040384
Pant D, Adholeya A (2007) Biological approaches for treatment of distillery wastewater: a review. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.027
Poblete R, Cortes E, Salihoglu G, Salihoglu NK (2020) Ultrasound and heterogeneous photocatalysis for the treatment of vinasse from pisco production. Ultrason Sonochem 61:104825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104825
Prazeres AR, Lelis J, Alves-Ferreira J, Carvalho F (2019) Treatment of vinasse from sugarcane ethanol industry: H2SO4, NaOH and Ca(OH)2 precipitations, FeCl3 coagulation-flocculation and atmospheric CO2 carbonation. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103203
Robles-González V, Galíndez-Mayer J, Rinderknecht-Seijas N, Poggi-Varaldo HM (2012) Treatment of mezcal vinasses: a review. J Biotechnol 157:524–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.006
Rossinskyi V (2018) Define of internal recirculation coefficient for biological wastewater treatment in anoxic and aerobic bioreactors. E3S Web Conf 30, 02002 doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183002002
Saeed T, Alam MK, Miah MJ, Majed N (2021) Removal of heavy metals in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: Application of effluent recirculation. Environ Sustain Indic 12:100146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2021.100146
Saranraj P, Stella D (2014) Impact of sugar mill effluent to environment and bioremediation: a review. World Appl Sci J 30:299–316. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.30.03.1656
Sathian S, Rajasimman M, Radha G, Shanmugapriya V, Karthikeyan C (2014) Performance of SBR for the treatment of textile dye wastewater: optimization and kinetic studies. Alex Eng J 53:417–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2014.03.003
Shabangu KP, Bakare BF (2019) Study of an SBR treating brewery wastewater : case of COD-HRT and BOD Removal 0958
Shamkhi MS (2018) Study of SBR reactor performance to enrichment of ammonium oxidizing organism in moderate weather study of SBR reactor performance to enrichment of ammonium oxidizing organism in moderate weather
Singh N, Petrinic I, Hélix-Nielsen C, Basu S, Balakrishnan M (2019) Influence of Forward Osmosis (FO) membrane properties on dewatering of molasses distillery wastewater. J Water Process Eng 32:100921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100921
Sirianuntapiboon S, Prasertsong K (2008) Treatment of molasses wastewater by acetogenic bacteria BP103 in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. Bioresour Technol 99:1806–1815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.040
Sponza DT, Işik M (2004) Decolorization and inhibition kinetic of Direct Black 38 azo dye with granulated anaerobic sludge. Enzyme Microb Technol 34:147–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.10.006
Syaichurrozi I, Sarto S, Sediawan WB, Hidayat M (2020) Mechanistic model of electrocoagulation process for treating vinasse waste: Effect of initial pH. J Environ Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103756
Tabraiz S, Hassan S, Abbas A, Nasreen S, Zeeshan M, Fida S, Shamurad BA, Acharya K, Petropoulos E (2018) Effect of effluent and sludge recirculation ratios on integrated fixed films a2o system nutrients removal efficiency treating sewage. Desalin Water Treat 114:120–127. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22356
Tantak N, Chandan N, Raina P (2014) An introduction to biological treatment and successful application of the aqua EMBR system in treating effluent generated from a chemical manufacturing unit: a case study, industrial wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse. Elsevier Ltdhttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-099968-5.00009-X
Teng TT, Wong Y-S, Ong S-A, Norhashimah M, Rafatullah M (2013) Start-up operation of anaerobic degradation process for palm oil mill effluent in anaerobic bench scale reactor (ABSR). Procedia Environ Sci 18:442–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.059
Thanapimmetha A, Srinophakun P, Amat S, Saisriyoot M (2017) Decolorization of molasses-based distillery wastewater by means of pulse electro-Fenton process. J Environ Chem Eng 5:2305–2312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.04.030
Tsioptsias C, Lionta G, Deligiannis A, Samaras P (2016) Enhancement of the performance of a combined microalgae-activated sludge system for the treatment of high strength molasses wastewater. J Environ Manag 183:126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.067
Wang L, Zhan H, Wang Q, Wu G, Cui D (2019) Enhanced aerobic granulation by inoculating dewatered activated sludge under short settling time in a sequencing batch reactor. Bioresour Technol 286:121386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121386
Wang ZC, Gao MC, Ren Y, Wang Z, She ZL, Jin CJ, Chang QB, Sun CQ, Zhang J, Yang N (2015) Effect of hydraulic retention time on performance of an anoxic–aerobic sequencing batch reactor treating saline wastewater. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12:2043–2054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0594-z
Watari T, Hata Y, Hirakata Y, Nguyet PN, Nguyen TH, Maki S, Hatamoto M, Sutani D, Setia T, Yamaguch T (2021) Performance evaluation of down-flow hanging sponge reactor for direct treatment of actual textile wastewater; Effect of effluent recirculation to performance and microbial community. J Water Process Eng 39:101724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101724
Wong PW, Sulaiman NM, Nachiappan M, Varadaraj B (2002) Pre-treatment and membrane ultrafiltration using treated palm oil mill effluent (POME). Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 24:891–898
Wong Y, Ong S, Lim K, Lee H (2011) Acclimatization and performance study of acidogenesis anaerobic degradation process for palm oil mill effluent. Int Conf Environ Ind Innov IPCBEE 12:1–5
Wu H, Zhang Q, Chen X, Wang L, Luo W, Zhang Z, Liu H, Zhao T (2020) Effect of HRT and BDPs types on nitrogen removal and microbial community of solid carbon source SND process treating low carbon/nitrogen domestic wastewater. J Water Process Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101854
Wu YJ, Whang LM, Chang MY, Fukushima T, Lee YC, Cheng SS, Hsu SF, Chang CH, Shen W, Yang CY, Fu R, Tsai TY (2013) Impact of food to microorganism (F/M) ratio and colloidal chemical oxygen demand on nitrification performance of a full-scale membrane bioreactor treating thin film transistor liquid crystal display wastewater. Bioresour Technol 141:35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.108
Yadav S, Chandra R (2012) Biodegradation of organic compounds of molasses melanoidin (MM) from biomethanated distillery spent wash (BMDS) during the decolourisation by a potential bacterial consortium. Biodegradation 23:609–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-012-9537-x
Yakamercan E, Aygün A (2021) Fate and removal of pentachlorophenol and diethylhexyl phthalate from textile industry wastewater by sequencing batch biofilm reactor: Effects of hydraulic and solid retention times. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105436
Yusoff NA, Ong SA, Ho LN, Rashid NA, Wong YS, Saad FNM, Khalik WF, Lee SL (2018) Development of simultaneous photo-biodegradation in the photocatalytic hybrid sequencing batch reactor (PHSBR) for mineralization of phenol. Biochem Eng J 138:131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2018.07.015
Yusoff NA, Ong SA, Ho LN, Wong YS, Mohd Saad FN, Khalik WF, Lee SL (2016) Evaluation of biodegradation process: comparative study between suspended and hybrid microorganism growth system in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for removal of phenol. Biochem Eng J 115:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2016.07.018
Zhang M, Leung K-T, Lin H, Liao B (2021) Effects of solids retention time on the biological performance of a novel microalgal-bacterial membrane photobioreactor for industrial wastewater treatment. J Environ Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105500
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Fermpro Industries, and Malpom Industries, for their support in providing the necessary facilities and resources to carry out this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
WCK: contributed to conceptualization; methodology; and writing—original draft preparation; WCK and AC: were involved in formal analysis and investigation; YSW: contributed to writing—review and editing; YSW, SAO, STS, and HHN: provided resources; and YSW, SAO, and NAL: were involved in supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Parveen Fatemeh Rupani.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kee, WC., Wong, YS., Ong, SA. et al. Insights into modified sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of sugarcane vinasse: role of recirculation process. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 12289–12302 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03946-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03946-x