Abstract
The present study proposes a Geographic Information System-based runoff and sediment yield model. The model derives the study watershed characteristics using the Digital Elevation Model. The model calculates the runoff (using the NRCS curve number method) and sediment yield (using MUSLE) on each cell (pixel) of the DEM and routes these hydrological parameters over the overland flow cells into the drainage channels to the watershed outlet using Time-Area histogram method. The backend and frontend of the model is developed in Python and HTML + JavaScript code, respectively. The model develops the runoff hydrograph and sediment graph at the watershed outlet. The performance of the developed model has been assessed by comparing the model output with the observed runoff and sediment yield measured at the outlet of forest micro-watershed located in Shivalik foot hills of North-West India. The statistical analysis reveals the reasonably well performance of the developed model in simulating runoff and sediment yield as is corroborated by low values of PBIAS, MAPE, MBE and RMSE and high values of correlation coefficient and model efficiency.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abedin SJH, Stephen H (2019) GIS framework for spatiotemporal mapping of urban flooding. Geosciences 9:77. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9020077
Abrahams AD, Parsons AJ (1991) Resistance to overland flow on desert pavement and its implications for sediment transport modeling. Water Resour Res 27:1827–1836
Alam MJ, Meah MA, Noor MS (2011) Numerical modeling of ground water flow and the effect of boundary conditions for the Hsieh aquifer. Asian J MathStat 4:33–44
Ali KF, Boer DH (2010) Spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield modeling in the upper Indus River basin. Water Resour Res 46:W08504. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008762
Arekhi S, Shabani A, Alavipanah SK (2011) Evaluation of integrated KW-GIUH and MUSLE models to predict sediment yield using geographic information system (GIS) (Case study: Kengir watershed, Iran). Afr J Agric Res 6:4185–4198
Arnold JG, Allen PM, Bernhardt G (1993) A comprehensive surface-groundwater flow model. J Hydrol 142:47–69
Aubert D, Loumagne C, Oudin L (2003) Sequential assimilation of soil moisture and streamflow data in a conceptual rainfall-runoff model. J Hydrol 280:145–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00229-4
Bagarello V, Ferro V (1999) Assessment of soil erosion. In: van Lier HN, Pereira LS, Steiner FR (eds) CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering (Volume I), Land and Water Engineering. American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers. USA, pp 153–183
Bansal ML, Singh S, Singh TP, Kumar R (1991) Statistical methods for research workers. 3rd edition. pp 131–35. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India
Bationo A, Kihara J, Vanlauwe B, Waswa B, Kimetu J (2007) Soil organic carbon dynamics, functions and management in West African agro-ecosystems. Agric Syst 94:13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.08.011
Bergström S (1991) Principles and confidence in hydrological modelling. Nordic Hydrol 22:123–136. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1991.0009
Bhardwaj A, Kaushal MP (2009) Two-dimensional physically based finite element runoff model for small agricultural watershed: I. Model Development Hydrol Process 23:397–407
Billen G, Garnier J, Rousseau V (2005) Nutrient fluxes and water quality in the drainage network of the Scheldt basin over the last 50 years. Hydrobiologia 540:47–67
Brevik EC (2012) Soils and Human Health-An Overview. In: Brevik EC, Burgess LC (eds) Soils and Human Health. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp 29–56
Brito MG, Costa CN, Almeida JA, Vendas D, Verdial PH (2005) Characterization of maximum infiltration areas using GIS tools. EngGeol 85:14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.09.022
Brocca L, Mellone F, Moramarco T, Morbidelli R (2010) Spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture and its estimation across scales. Water Resour Res 46:W02516. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008016
Callow JN, Van Niel KP, Boggs GS (2007) How does modifying a DEM to reflect known hydrology affect subsequent terrain analysis? J Hydrol 332:30–39
Chen Y, Shen C, Chiu Y (2018) Dynamic modeling of sediment budget in Shihmen Reservoir watershed in Taiwan. Water 10:1808. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121808
Cho Y (2016) Development and evaluation of a watershed-scale hybrid hydrologic model. Ph.D. Dissertation. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Cho Y, Engel BA (2017) Spatially distributed long-term hydrologic simulation using a continuous SCS CN method-based hybrid hydrologic model. Hydrol Process 32:904–922
Cho J, Bosch D, Lowrance R, Strickland T, Vellidis G (2009) Effect of spatial distribution of rainfall on temporal and spatial uncertainty of SWAT output. Trans ASAE 52:1545–1555
Chow VT, Maidment DR, Mays LW (1988) Applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill Inc, Singapore, p 149
Cirilo JA, Verçosa LFM, Gomes MMA, Feitoza MAB, Ferraz GF, Silva BM (2020) Development and application of a rainfall-runoff model for semi-arid regions. Brazilian J Water Resour. 25:e15
Cronshey R (1986)Urban hydrology for small watersheds. Technical Report US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Engineering Division: Washington, DC
Devi GK, Ganasri BP, Dwarakish GS (2015) A review on hydrological models. Aquatic Procedia 4:1001–1007
Domnita M (2012) Runoff modeling using GIS: Application torrential basins in the Apuseni Mountains. Ph.D. Dissertation. Cluj Napoca, Romania.
Drishya J, Kumar DS (2018) Automated calibration of a two-dimensional overland flow model by estimating Manning’s roughness coefficient using genetic algorithm. J Hydroinform 20:440–456
Fallah M, Ataollah K, Omidvar E (2016) Watershed prioritization in order to implement soil and water conservation practices. Environ Earth Sci 75:1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6035-1
Fortin FP, Turcotte P, Massicotte S, Moussa R, Fitzback J, Villeneu JP (2001) Distributed watershed model compatible with remote sensing and GIS data. I: Description of model. J HydrolEng 6:91–99
Gallant JC, Wilson JP (2000) Primary topographic attributes in Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications. PP. 51–86. John Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey.
Ganasri BP, Ramesh H (2016) Assessment of soil erosion by RUSLE model using remote sensing and GIS - a case study of Nethravathi Basin. Geosci Front 7:953–961
Gashu K, Muchie Y (2018) Rethink the interlink between land degradation and livelihood of rural communities in Chilga district, Northwest Ethiopia. J Ecol Environ 42:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41610-018-0077-0
Gassman PW, Williams JR, Wang X, Saleh A, Osei E, Hauck LM, Izaurralde C, Flowers JD (2009) The Agricultural Policy Environmental EXtender (APEX) Model: An Emerging Tool for Landscape and Watershed Environmental Analyses. Technical Report 09-TR 49. Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa.
Hansen JR, Refsgaard JC, Hansen S, Ernstsen V (2007) Problems with heterogeneity in physically based agricultural catchment models. J Hydrol 342:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.04.016
He C (2003) Integration of geographic information systems and simulation model for watershed management. Environ Model Soft 18:809–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-8152(03)00080-X
Hickey R (2000) Slope Angle and Slope Length Solutions for GIS. Cartography 29:1–8
Horn BKP (1981) Hill Shading and the Reflectance Map. Proc IEEE69:14–47
Huang PC, Lee KT (2016) Efficient DEM-based overland flow routing using integrated recursive algorithms. Hydrol Process 31:1000–1017
Jajarmizadeh M, Harun S, Solarpour M (2012) A review on theoretical considerations and types of models in hydrology. J Environ Sci Technol 5:249–261
Jensen SK, Domingue JO (1988) Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis. PhotogrammEng Remote Sens 54:1593–1600
Jinkang D, Shunping X, Youpeng X, Xu C, Singh VP (2007) Development and testing of a simple physically-based distributed rainfall-runoff model for storm runoff simulation in humid forested basins. J Hydrol. 336:334–346
Kamphorst EC, Jetenet L, Guerif J, Pitkanen J, Iversen BV, Douglas JT, Paz A (2000) Predicting depressional storage from soil surface roughness. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:1749–1758. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6451749x
Kite GW (1995) The SLURP model. In: Singh VP (ed) Computer models of watershed hydrology. Water Resources Publications, Colorado, USA, pp 521–562
Lai Z, Li S, Lu G, Pan Z, Fei G (2015) Watershed delineation using hydrographic features and a DEM in plain river network region. Hydrol Process 30:276–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10612
Li H, Wigmosta MS, Wu H, Huang M, Ke Y, Coleman AM, Leung LR (2012) A physically based runoff routing model for land surface and earth system models. J Hydrometeorol 14:808–828
Li L, Yang J, Wu J (2019) A method of watershed delineation for flat terrain using Sentinel-2A imagery and DEM: A case study of the Taihu basin. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 8:528. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120528
McCool DK, Williams JD (2008) Soil erosion by water. In: Jorgensen SE, Fath BD (eds) Encyclopaedia of ecology. Elsevier, Netherlands, pp 3284–90
Meisels A, Raizman S, Karnieli A (1995) Skeletonizing a DEM into a drainage network. ComputGeosci21:187–96.
Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ (2006) A review of erosion and sediment transport models. Environ Model Soft 18:761–769
Mishra SK, Singh VP (2003) Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Methodology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 1132–1136
Myttenaere AD, Golden B, Grand BL, Rossi F (2016) Mean absolute percentage error for regression models. Neurocomputing 192:38–48
Narimani R, Erfanian M, Nazarnejad H, Mohmadzadeh A (2017) Evaluating the impact of management scenarios and land use changes on annual surface runoff and sediment yield using the GeoWEPP: a case study from the Lighvanchai watershed. Iran Environ Earth Sci 76:353
Nash JE, Sutcliffe JV (1970) River flow forecasting through conceptual models. Part 1: a discussion of principles. J Hydrol 10:282–290
Neitsch SL, Arnold JG, Kiniry JR, Williams JR (2011) Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2009. Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service and Blackland Research Centre, Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas.
Noor H, Khalaj MR (2018) Improving MUSLE performance for sediment yield prediction at micro-watershed level using seasonal classified data. Water PractTechnol 13:505–512. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.061
Nor NIA, Harun S, Kassim AHM (2007) Radial basis function modeling of hourly streamflow hydrograph. J HydrolEng 12:113–123
Noto LV, Loggia GL (2007) Derivation of a distributed unit hydrograph integrating GIS and remote sensing. J Hydrol 12:639–650
Novotny V, Olem H (1994) Water quality: prevention, identification, and management of diffuse pollution. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New york
O’Callaghan JF, Mark DM (1984) The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Comput Gr Image Process 28:323–344
Ogden FL, Raj-Pradhan N, Downer CW, Zahner JA (2011) Relative importance of impervious area, drainage density, width function, and subsurface storm drainage on flood runoff from an urbanized catchment. Water Resour Res 47:W12503
Panuska JC, Moore ID, Kramer LA (1991) Terrain analysis: Integration into Agricultural Nonpoint Source (AGNPS) Pollution Model. J Soil Water Cons 46:59–64
Planchon O, Darboux F (2002) A fast, simple and versatile algorithm to fill the depressions of digital elevation models. CATENA 46:159–176
Planchon O, Esteves M, Silvera N, Lapetite JM (2001) Microrelief induced by tillage: Measurement and modeling of surface storage capacity. CATENA 46:141–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00163-1
Ponce VM, Hawkins RH (1996) Runoff curve number: has it reached maturity? J Hydrol Eng 1:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1996)1:1(11)
Pongsai S, Schmidt VD, Shrestha RP, Clemente RS, Eiumnoh A (2010) Calibration and validation of the Modified universal soil loss equation for estimating sediment yield on sloping plots: a case study in Khun Satan catchment of northern Thailand. Can J Soil Sci 90:585–596
Qin CZ, Zhan L (2012) Parallelizing flow-accumulation calculations on graphics processing units-From iterative DEM pre-processing algorithm to recursive multiple-flow-direction algorithm. ComputGeosci 43:7–16
Rai RK, Upadhayay A, Singh VP (2010) Effect of variable roughness on runoff. J Hydrol 382:111–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.022
Renschler CS (2003) Designing geo-spatial interfaces to scale process models: the GeoWEPP approach. Hydrol Process 17:1005–1017
Revilla-Romero B, Beck HE, Burek P, Salamon P, de Roo A, Thielen J (2015) Filling the gaps: Calibrating a rainfall-runoff model using satellite-derived surface water extent. Remote Sens Environ 171:118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.10.022
Sabu MS (1999) Runoff and sediment yield simulation of micro-watersheds using artificial neural networks. Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, M.Tech
Saha A, Ghosh P, Mitra B (2018) GIS based soil erosion estimation using RUSLE model: a case study of upper Kangsabati watershed, West Bengal, India. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res 13:555871. https://doi.org/10.19080/IJESNR.2018.13.555871
Schmidt JA (1991) A mathematical model to simulate rainfall erosion. CATENA 19:101–109
Shahzad F, Gloaguen R (2011) TecDEM: A MATLAB based toolbox for tectonic geomorphology, Part 1: drainage network preprocessing and stream profile analysis. ComputGeosci 37:250–260
Sivakumar MVK (2007) Interactions between climate and desertification. Agric for Meteor 142:143–155
Sivapalan M (2003) Prediction in ungauged basins: A grand challenge for theoretical hydrology. Hydrol Process 17:3163–3170
Sorrell RC, Hamilton DA (2003) Computing flood discharges for small ungauged watersheds. Geological and Land Management Division, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality: Lansing, MI
Stisen S, Sandhlot I (2010) Evaluation of remote-sensing-based rainfall products through predictive capability in hydrological runoff modeling. Hydrol Process 24:879–891. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7529
Su C, Wang X, Feng C, Huang Z, Zhang X (2015) An integrated algorithm for depression filling and assignment of drainage directions over flat surfaces in digital elevation models. Earth Sci Inf 8:1–11
Thomann RV (1982) Verification of water quality models. J Environ Engg 108:923–940
Tyagi JV, Mishra SK, Singh R, Singh VP (2008) SCS-CN based time-distributed sediment yield model. J Hydrol 352:388–403
Wallis C, Wallace D, Tarboton DG, Schreuders K (2009) Hydrologic terrain processing using parallel computing. Proc 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. 2540–2545, Cairns, Australia.
Wheater HS (2002) Progress in and prospects for fluvial flood modelling. Philos Trans R Soc A 360:1409–1431
Williams JR, Singh VP (1995) The EPIC model. In: Singh VP (ed) Computer models of watershed hydrology. Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, CO, USA, pp 909–1000
Wohl E, Barros A, Brunsell N, Chappell NA, Coe M, Giambelluca T, Ogden F (2012) The hydrology of the humid tropics. Nat Clim Change 2:655–662. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1556
World Research Institute (2015) World’s 15 Countries with the Most People Exposed to River Floods. https://www.wri.org/blog/2015/03/world-s-15-countries-most-people-exposed-river-floods (Accessed on 25th January 2021)
Xevi E, Christiaens K, Espinao A, Sewnandan W, Mallants D, Sorensen H, Feyen J (1997) Calibration, validation and sensitivity analysis of the MIKE-SHE model using the Neuenkirchen catchment as a case study. Water ResourManag. 11:219–42
Xu Y, Wang S, Bai X, Shu D, Tian Y (2018) Runoff response to climate change and human activities in a typical karst watershed. SW China. PLoS ONE. 13:e0193073
Yao Y, Shi X (2015) Alternating scanning orders and combining algorithms to improve the efficiency of flow accumulation calculation. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 29:1–26
Yen BC (1991) Channel flow resistance: centennial of Manning’s formula. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, USA, pp 43–46
Yildirim AA, Watson D, Tarboton DG, Wallace R (2015) A virtual tile approach to raster-based calculations of large digital elevation models in a shared-memory system. Comput. Geosci 82:78–88
Yong-He L, Wan-Chang Z, Jing-Wen X (2009) Another fast and simple DEM depression-filling algorithm based on priority queue structure. Atmos Oceanic Sci Lett 2:214–219
Zhang Y, Degroote J, Wolter C, Sugumaran R (2009) Integration of modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE) into a GIS framework to assess soil erosion risk. Land Degrad Develop 20:84–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.893
ZhangG LR, CaoY SR, Zhang XC (2010) Impacts of sediment load on manning coefficient in supercritical shallow flow on steep slopes. Hydrol Process 24:3909–3914. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7892
Zheng C, Hill MC, Cao G, Ma R (2012) MT3DMS: Model use, calibration, and validation. Trans ASABE 55:1549–1559. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.422
Acknowledgements
The first author thankfully acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, for providing support in the form of Junior Research Fellowship-INSPIRE under grant number: DST/INSPIRE/03/2015/002269. The authors are thankful to Director, Punjab Agricultural University-Regional Research Station, Ballowal Saunkhri, for providing necessary laboratory facilities and hydrological data used in the present study.
Funding
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
Authors declare that there exists no conflict of interest.
Code availability
The model developed and code is not open access as of now.
Additional information
Editorial respnsibility: J Aravind.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yousuf, A., Bhardwaj, A. Development and application of travel time based gridded runoff and sediment yield model. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 9801–9816 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03661-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03661-z