Analyzing the wet and bulk deposition with receptor models in Kirklareli, Turkey

Abstract

This study presents the wet deposition and bulk deposition of major ions in Kirklareli (Turkey). In the samples of wet deposition and bulk deposition, concentrations of major cations (Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺) and major anions (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻) were determined, and pH values were also measured. In both deposition types, order of magnitude for the average concentration (mg L⁻¹) of major ions is as Ca²⁺ > NH₄⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ for cations and as SO₄²⁻ > Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻ for anions. Average concentration values of main cations and main anions in bulk deposition samples were found to be higher than those in wet deposition samples. By calculating the enrichment factors of the chemical components and non-sea salt concentration values, the sources of ions in wet deposition and bulk deposition were tried to be determined. In both deposition types, ions with the highest average enrichment factor are Ca²⁺, SO₄²⁻, and K⁺. Non-sea salt fraction value of Ca²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ ions is 97% both in wet deposition and bulk deposition types. In addition, principal component analysis, one of the multivariate statistical methods for source assessment of ions in wet deposition and bulk deposition samples, was performed. The trajectories of the cyclones affecting the study area are divided into groups, and the chemical components in the wet deposition samples were compared according to the groups. The average concentration values of K⁺, Cl⁻, and NO₃⁻ in cyclone group 2 were higher than that of cyclone group 1.