Abstract
High levels of atmospheric pollutants have been frequently measured in Turkey during the last decade. Specifically, the occurrence of these high particulate matter concentrations is often related to either local-scale conditions or regional-scale transport. In order to better understand the atmospheric factors that trigger poor air quality, further research investigating the relationship between air pollution and meteorological variables or atmospheric circulation patterns is needed. In this study, the influence of synoptic-scale weather types on PM10 levels over the Aegean region of Turkey is investigated for the period 2008–2015. First of all, hourly PM10 concentrations of 13 air quality stations are respectively converted to daily, seasonal, and regional averages. The seasonal variability of PM10 values in the region indicates that high particulate matter concentrations are registered in winter, fall, spring, and summer months with mean values at 90.6 (± 38.3 standard deviation), 66.9 (± 28.3), 61.6 (± 23.4), and 54.1 (± 12.8) μg m−3, respectively. In regard to the synoptic-scale approach, eight directional and two vorticity types of the Lamb weather type (LWT) method are used in the analysis. Based on the results, poor air quality conditions are observed in all seasons during active southeasterly (SE, interaction between a low pressure over Italy and a high pressure over the Caspian Sea) circulation types (CTs). In winter, mainly easterly (E), SE, southerly (S), and anticyclonic (A) weather patterns result in above normal PM10 concentrations. In addition to these four CTs, southwesterly (SW) types also cause higher PM10 values in the spring season. During summer, SE, SW, westerly (W), and cyclonic (C) CTs are associated with above-normal PM10 values. During fall, obvious higher PM10 concentrations are found during SE, S, and A types.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akkoyunlu, B. O., Baltaci, H., & Tayanc, M. (2019). Atmospheric conditions of extreme precipitation events in western Turkey for the period 2006-2015. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 19, 107–119.
Andersson, C., Langner, J., & Bergström, R. (2007). Interannual variation and trends in air pollution over Europe due to climate variability during 1958-2001 simulated with a regional CTM coupled to the ERA40 reanalysis. Tellus, 59B, 77–98.
Baltaci, H. (2017). Spatial and temporal variation of the extreme Saharan dust event over Turkey in March 2016. Atmosphere, 8(2), 41.
Baltacı, H., Göktürk, O. M., Kındap, T., Ünal, A., & Karaca, M. (2015). Atmospheric circulation types in Marmara Region (NW Turkey) and their influence on precipitation. International Journal of Climatology, 35, 1810–1820.
Baltacı, H., Kındap, T., Ünal, A., & Karaca, M. (2017). The influence of atmospheric circulation types on regional patterns of precipitation in Marmara (NW Turkey). Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 127, 563–572.
Baltacı, H., Akkoyunlu, B. O., & Tayanç, M. (2018). Relationships between teleconnection patterns and Turkish climatic extremes. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 134(3-4), 1365–1386.
Buchanan, C. M., Beverland, I. J., & Heal, M. R. (2002). The influence of weather-type and long-range transport on airborne particle concentrations in Edinburgh, UK. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5343–5354.
Cheng, S., & Lam, K.-C. (2000). Synoptic typing and its application to the assessment of climatic impact on concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 585–594.
Dayan, U., & Levy, I. (2002). Relationship between synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation and ozone concentrations over Israel. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D24), 4813. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002147.
Dayan, U., & Levy, I. (2004). The influence of meteorological conditions and atmospheric circulation types on PM10 and visibility in Tel Aviv. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, 606–619.
Demuzere, M., & van Lipzig, N. P. M. (2010). A new method to estimate air-quality levels using a synoptic-regression approach. Part I: Present-day O3 and PM10 analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 1341–1355.
Demuzere, M., Trigo, R. M., de Arellano, J. V.-G., & van Lipzig, N. P. M. (2009). The impact of weather and atmospheric circulation on O3 and PM10 levels at a rural mid-latitude site. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 2695–2714.
EU Directive 1999/30/EC. (1999). Official Journal of the European Communities, L163, 0041–0060.
EU Directive 2008/50/EC. (2008). Official Journal of the European Union, L152, 1–L144.
Fortelli, A., Scafetta, N., & Mazzarella, A. (2016). Influence of synoptic and local atmospheric patterns on PM10 air pollution levels: a model application to Naples (Italy). Atmospheric Environment, 143, 218–228.
Gaetani, M., & Pasqui, M. (2014). Synoptic patterns associated with extreme dust events in the Mediterranean Basin. Regional Environmental Change, 14, 1847–1860.
Gkikas, A., Houssos, E. E., Lolis, C. J., Bartzokas, A., Mihalopoulos, N., & Hatzianastassiou, N. (2015). Atmospheric circulation evolution related to desert-dust episodes over the Mediterranean. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141, 1634–1645.
Grundstrom, M., Tang, L., Hallquist, M., Nguyen, H., Chen, D., & Pleijel, H. (2015). Influence of atmospheric circulation patterns on urban air quality during the winter. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6, 278–285.
Hooybergs, J., Mensink, C., Dumont, G., Fierens, F., & Brasseur, O. (2005). A neural network forecast for daily average PM10 concentrations in Belgium. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3279–3289.
Jones, P. D., Hulme, M., & Briffa, K. R. (1993). A comparison of Lamb circulation types with an objective classification scheme. International Journal of Climatology, 13, 655–663.
Kabatas, B., Unal, A., Pierce, R. B., Kindap, T., & Pozzoli, L. (2014). The contribution of Saharan dust in PM10 concentration levels in Anatolian Peninsula of Turkey. Science of the Total Environment, 488-489, 413–421.
Kabatas, B., Pierce, R. B., Unal, A., Rogal, M. J., & Lenzen, A. (2018). April 2008 Saharan dust event: its contribution to PM10 concentrations over the Anatolian Peninsula and relation with synoptic conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 633, 317–328.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Wollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., & Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40 year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 437–471.
Karaca, F., Anil, I., & Alagha, O. (2009). Long-range potential source contributions of episodic aerosol events to PM10 profile of a megacity. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 5713–5722.
Kassomenos, P. A., Kelessis, A., Paschalidou, A. K., & Petrakakis, M. (2011). Identification of sources and processes affecting particulate pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmospheric Environment, 45(39), 7293–7300.
Kassomenos, P. A., Vardoulakis, S., Chaloulakou, A., Paschalidou, A. K., Grivas, G., Borge, R., & Lumbreras, J. (2014). Study of PM10 and PM2.5 levels in three Europian cities: analysis of intra and inter urban variations. Atmospheric Environment, 87, 153–163.
Katragkou, E., Kazadzis, S., Amiridis, V., Papaioannou, V., Karathanasis, S., & Melas, D. (2009). PM10 regional transport pathways in Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1079–1085.
Koçak, M., Theodosi, C., Zarmpas, P., Im, U., Bougiatioti, A., Yenigun, O., & Mihalopoulos, N. (2011). Particulate matter (PM10) in Istanbul: origin, source areas and potential impact on surrounding regions. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 6891–6900.
Lamb, H. H. (1972). British Isles weather types and a register of the daily sequence of circulation patterns 1861-1971. Geophysical Memoirs, 16, 1–85.
Lesniok, M., Malarzewski, L., & Niedzwiedz, T. (2010). Classification of circulation types for Southern Poland with an application to air pollution concentration in Upper Silesia. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 35, 516–522.
Moulin, C., Lambert, C. E., Dayan, U., Masson, V., Ramonet, M., Bousquet, P., Legrand, M., Blakanski, Y. J., Guella, W., Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., & Dulac, F. (1998). Satellite climatology of African dust transport in the Mediterranean atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 13137–13144.
Nastos, P. T. (2012). Meteorological patterns associated with intense Saharan dust outbreaks over Greece in winter. Advances in Meteorology, 2012, 828301–828317. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/828301.
Oanh, N. T. K., Chutimon, P., Ekbordin, W., & Supat, W. (2005). Meteorological pattern classification and application for forecasting air pollution episode potential in a mountain-valley area. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 1211–1225.
Otero, N., Sillmann, J., Schnell, J. L., Rust, H. W., & Butler, T. (2016). Synoptic and meteorological drivers of extreme ozone concentrations over Europe. Environmental Research Letters, 11, 024005.
Papayannis, A., Balis, D., Amiridis, V., Chourdakis, G., Tsaknakis, G., Zerefos, C., Castanho, A. D. A., Nickovic, S., Kazadzis, S., & Grabowski, J. (2005). Measurements of Saharan dust aerosols over the Eastern Mediterranean using elastic backscatter-Raman lidar, spectrophotometric and satellite observations in the frame of the EARLINET Project. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5, 2065–2079.
Papayannis, A., Amiridis, V., Mona, L., Tsaknakis, G., Balis, D., Bösenberg, J., Chaikovski, A., De Tomasi, F., Grigorov, I., Mattis, I., Mitev, V., Müller, D., Nickovic, S., Perez, C., Pietruczuk, A., Pisani, G., Ravetta, F., Rizi, V., Sicard, M., Trickl, T., Wiegner, M., Gerding, M., Mamouri, R.E., D’ Amico, G., & Pappalardo, G. (2008). Systematic lidar observations of Saharan Dust over Europe in the Frame of EARLINET (2000-2002). Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D10204, doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009028.
Paschalidou, A. K., Kassomenos, P., & Karanikola, P. (2015). Disaggregating the contribution of local dispersion and long-range transport to the high PM10 values measured in a Mediterranean urban environment. Science of the Total Environment, 527-528, 119–125.
Pearce, J., Beringer, J., Nicholls, N., Hyndman, R. J., Uotila, P., & Tapper, N. J. (2011). Investigating the influence of synoptic-scale meteorology on air quality using self-organizing maps and generalized additive modeling. Atmospheric Environment, 45(1), 128–136.
Pope, R. J., Savage, N. H., Chipperfield, M. P., Arnold, S. R., & Osborn, T. J. (2014). The influence of synoptic weather regimes on UK air quality: analysis of satellite column NO2. Atmospheric Science Letters, 15, 211–217.
Prospero, J. M. (1996). In S. Guerzoni & R. Chester (Eds.), In The impact of desert dust across the Mediterranean (pp. 133–151). Kluwer Academic Publishing.
Russo, A., Trigo, R. M., Martins, H., & Mendes, M. T. (2014). NO2, PM10 and O3 urban concentrations and its association with circulation weather types in Portugal. Atmospheric Environment, 89, 768–785.
Shan, W., Yin, Y., Zhang, J., Ji, X., & Deng, X. (2009). Surface ozone and meteorological condition in a single year at an urban site in central-eastern China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 151(1-4), 127–141.
Stefan, S., Necula, C., & Georgescu, F. (2010). Analysis of longe-range transport of particulate matters in connection with air circulation over Central and Eastern part of Europe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 35, 523–529.
TIQR. (2010). Institution Building on Air Quality in the Marmara Region. Twinning Interim Quarterly Report, number 01 TR/07/IB/EN/02.
Türkeş, M., & Erlat, E. (2003). Winter mean temperature variability in Turkey associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 105(3), 211–225.
Yarnal, B. (1993). Synoptic climatology in environmental analysis, 1st ed., 195 pp., Belhaven, London, 1993.
Zender, C. S., Miller, R., & Tegen, I. (2004). Quantifying mineral dust mass budgets: terminology, constraints, and current estimates. Eos Transactions, 85, 509–512.
Zhang, J. P., Zhu, T., Zhang, Q. H., Li, C. C., Shu, H. L., Ying, Y., Dai, Z. P., Wang, X., Liu, X. Y., Liang, A. M., Shen, H. X., & Yi, B. Q. (2012). The impact of circulation patterns on regional transport pathways and air quality over Beijing and its surroundings. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 5031–5053.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baltaci, H., Akkoyunlu, B.O., Arslan, H. et al. The influence of meteorological conditions and atmospheric circulation types on PM10 levels in western Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 191, 466 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7609-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7609-7