Abstract
In the current experimental study, the synthesis of biodiesel was acquired from mixed pongamia & mahua crude oil (50:50% v/v) with catalyst mixture of 1.5 g K2CO3 in 0.75 g of NH4OH through transesterification method. The effect of diesel, biodiesel, binary blend (B20) and ternary blends of diesel with mixed pongamia & mahua biodiesel and alcohol (ethanol and heptanol) of (B20H10, B20H20, B20E10 and B20E20) fuel samples on CI engine was used to determine engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics at different loading conditions. From the experimental assessment, it was observed that heptanol blended test sample such as (B20H20) has improved thermal efficiency with decreased specific fuel consumption. Furthermore, significant enhancement in prolonged ignition delay causes to generate higher in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate when compared to other binary and ternary samples. The emission parameters like CO, HC and smoke opacity were reduced with slight increase in NOx at operating loads for all tested ternary samples when compared to diesel fuel. Alcohol blended ternary fuel samples caused to reduce CO2 formation according to B20 and B100 fuel but slightly greater than diesel. It is worthwhile to conclude that the prepared B20H20 fuel is a distinguished alternative ternary blend sample preferably than pure biodiesel and binary test sample into CI engine without any engine modification as it satisfies with the diesel performance and to combat global warming.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ağbulut Ü, Sarıdemir S, Albayrak S (2019) Experimental investigation of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel–biodiesel–alcohol blends. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 41(9):389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-1891-8
Akar MA (2016) Performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine operating with false flax biodiesel and butanol blends. Adv Mech Eng 8(2):1687814016632677. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814016632677
Alagumalai A (2015) Combustion characteristics of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) oil in a partial premixed charge compression ignition engine. Alexandria Eng J 54(3):405–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.03.021
Alptekin E, Canakci M, Ozsezen AN, Turkcan A, Sanli H (2015) Using waste animal fat-based biodiesels–bioethanol–diesel fuel blends in a DI diesel engine. Fuel 157:245–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.04.067
Anand K, Sharma RP, Mehta PS (2011) Experimental investigations on combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of neat karanja biodiesel and its methanol blend in a diesel engine. Biomass Bioenergy 35(1):533–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.10.005
Annual energy outlook with projection to 2040. US Energy Inf Adm; 2016. DOE/EIA-0383.
Appavu P, Ramanan MV, Venu H (2019) Quaternary blends of diesel/biodiesel/vegetableoil/pentanol as a potential alternative feedstock for existing unmodified diesel engine: performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Energy 186:115856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.115856
Ashok B, Nanthagopal K, Subbarao R, Johny A, Mohan A, Tamilarasu A (2017) Experimental studies on the effect of metal oxide and antioxidant additives with Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl ester in compression ignition engine. J Cleaner Prod 166:474–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.050
Ashok B, Nanthagopal K, Saravanan B, Senthilkumar M, Reddy DMS, Subhash RV et al (2018) Mitigation of NOx and smoke emissions in a diesel engine using novel emulsified lemon peel oil biofuel. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2574-1
Ashok B, Nanthagopal K, Anand V, Aravind KM, Jeevanantham AK, Balusamy S (2019a) Effects of n-octanol as a fuel blend with biodiesel on diesel engine characteristics. Fuel 235:363–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.126
Ashok B, Nanthagopal K, Saravanan B, Azad K, Patel D, Sudarshan B et al (2019b) Study on isobutanol and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel as a partial replacement in CI engine applications. Fuel 235:984–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.087
Atmanli A (2016) Comparative analyses of diesel–waste oil biodiesel and propanol, n-butanolor 1-pentanol blends in a diesel engine. Fuel 176:209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.02.076
Atmanli A, Yilmaz N (2020) An experimental assessment on semi-low temperature combustion using waste oil biodiesel/C3-C5 alcohol blends in a diesel engine. Fuel 260:116357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116357
Atmanli A, Ileri E, Yuksel B, Yilmaz N (2015) Extensive analyses of diesel–vegetable oil–n-butanol ternary blends in a diesel engine. Appl Energy 145:155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.071
Babu D, Anand R (2017) Effect of biodiesel-diesel-n-pentanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-hexanol blends on diesel engine emission and combustion characteristics. Energy 133:761–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.103
Baukal C (2005) Everything you need to know about NOx. Met Finish 103(11):18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(05)80816-5
Bet-Moushoul E, Farhadi K, Mansourpanah Y, Nikbakht AM, Molaei R, Forough M (2016) Application of CaO-based/Au nanoparticles as heterogeneous nanocatalysts in biodiesel production. Fuel 164:119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.067
Campos-Fernandez J, Arnal JM, Gomez J, Lacalle N, Dorado MP (2013) Performance tests of a diesel engine fueled with pentanol/diesel fuel blends. Fuel 107:866–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.066
Candan F, Ciniviz M, Ors İ (2017) Effect of cetane improver addition into diesel fuel methanol mixtures on performance and emissions at different injection pressures. Therm Sci 21(1B):555–566. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI160430265C
Celebi Y, Aydın H (2019) An overview on the light alcohol fuels in diesel engines. Fuel 236:890–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.138
Chauhan BS, Kumar N, Cho HM (2012) A study on the performance and emission of a diesel engine fueled with Jatropha biodiesel oil and its blends. Energy 37(1):616–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.10.043
Chauhan BS, Kumar N, Cho HM, Lim HC (2013) A study on the performance and emission of a diesel engine fueled with Karanja biodiesel and its blends. Energy 56:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.083
Chen G, Yu W, Li Q, Huang Z (2012) Effects of n-butanol addition on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged common-rail diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper No. 2012–01–0852. https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0852.
Chintala V, Kumar S, Pandey JK (2017) Assessment of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine with solar driven Jatropha biomass pyrolysed oil. Energy Convers Manag 148:611–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.05.043
Choi CY, Reitz RD (1999) An experimental study on the effects of oxygenated fuel blends and multiple injection strategies on DI diesel engine emissions. Fuel 78(11):1303–1317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00058-7
Corsini A, Marchegiani A, Rispoli F, Sciulli F, Venturini P (2015) Vegetable oils as fuels in diesel engine. Engine Performance and Emissions Energy Procedia 81:942–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.151
Datta A, Mandal BK (2016) Impact of alcohol addition to diesel on the performance combustion and emissions of a compression ignition engine. Appl Therm Eng 98:670–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.12.047
Devarajan Y, Munuswamy D, Radhakrishnan S, Mahalingam A, Nagappan B (2019) Experimental testing and evaluation of neat biodiesel and heptanol blends in diesel engine. J Test Eval. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20170307
Doǧan O (2011) The influence of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends utilization on a small diesel engine performance and emissions. Fuel 90:2467–2472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.02.033
Dorado MP, Ballesteros E, Arnal JM, Gomez J, Lopez FJ (2003) Exhaust emissions from a diesel engine fueled with transesterified waste olive oil. Fuel 82:1311–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00034-6
EL-Seesy AI, Kayatas Z, Hawi M, Kosaka H, He Z (2020) Combustion and emission characteristics of a rapid compression-expansion machine operated with N-heptanol-methyl oleate biodiesel blends. Renew Energy 147:2064–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.132
Emiroğlu AO, Şen M (2018) Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of various alcohol blends in a single cylinder diesel engine. Fuel 212:34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.016
Fattah IR, Kalam M, Masjuki H, Wakil M (2014) Biodiesel production, characterization, engine performance, and emission characteristics of Malaysian Alexandrian laurel oil. RSC Adv 4:17787–17796. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA47954D
Fayyazbakhsh A, Pirouzfar V (2017) Comprehensive overview on diesel additives to reduce emissions, enhance fuel properties and improve engine performance. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 74:891–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.046
Gebremariam SN, Marchetti JM (2018) Economics of biodiesel production: review. Energy Convers Manage 168:74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.002
Geo VE, Sonthalia A, Nagarajan G, Nagalingam B (2017) Studies on performance, combustion and emission of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with rubber seed oil and its biodiesel along with ethanol as injected fuel. Fuel 209:733–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.08.036
Goel V, Kumar N, Singh P (2017) Impact of modified parameters on diesel engine characteristics using biodiesel: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.112
Gokdogan O, Eryilmaz T, Yesilyurt MK (2015) Thermophysical properties of castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) Biodiesel and its blends CT&F-Ciencia, Tecnologia y. Futuro 6(1):95–128
He B, Shuai S, Wang J, He H (2003) The effect of ethanol blended diesel fuels on emissions from a diesel engine. Atmos Environ 37:4965–4971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.029
Heywood JB (1988) Internal combustion engine fundamentals. McGraw-Hill, New York
Holman P (2012) Experimental methods for engineers, 8th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA
Hossain S, Hossain MA (2015) Numerical investigation of perfectly premixed combustion and the effect of NOx emission for syngas in a gas turbine combustor. In: ASME 2015 power conference. https://doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49388
Ibrahim A (2016) Performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by butanol-biodiesel-diesel blends. Appl Therm Eng 103:651–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.04.144
Ilkılıc C, Aydın S, Behcet R, Aydin H (2011) Biodiesel from safflower oil and its application in a diesel engine. Fuel Process Technol 92(3):356–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.09.028
Imdadul HK, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Zulkifli NWM, Alabdulkarem A, Rashed MM, Teoh YH, How HG (2016) Higher alcohol-biodiesel-diesel blends: an approach for improving the performance, emission, and combustion of a light-duty diesel engine. Energy Convers Manage 111:174–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.12.066
Imtenan S, Masjuki H, Varman M, Kalam M, Arbab M, Sajjad H et al (2014) Impact of oxygenated additives to palm and jatropha biodiesel blends in the context of performance and emissions characteristics of a light-duty diesel engine. Energy Convers Manage 83:149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.052
Karabektas M (2009) The effects of turbocharger on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel. Renew Energy 34(4):989–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.08.010
Karthickeyan V (2019) Effect of cetane enhancer on Moringa oleifera biodiesel in a thermal coated direct injection diesel engine. Fuel 235:538–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.030
Khoobbakht G, Najafi G, Karimi M, Akram A (2016) Optimization of operating factors and blended levels of diesel, biodiesel and ethanol fuels to minimize exhaust emissions of diesel engine using response surface methodology. Appl Therm Eng 99:1006–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.12.143
Koçak MS, Ileri E, Utlu Z (2007) Experimental study of emission parameters of biodiesel fuels obtained from canola, hazelnut, and waste cooking oils. Energy Fuels 21:3622–3626. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0600558
Kriger R, Borman G (1966) The computation of applied heat release for internal combustion engines. ASME Pap 66. WA/DGP-4
Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi R (2017) Experimental investigation on performance, emission behavior and exergy analysis of a variable compression ratio engine fueled with diesel - aegle marmelos oil - diethyl ether blends. Energy 128:312–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.038
Kumar BR, Saravanan S (2016) Use of higher alcohol biofuels in diesel engines: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 60:84–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.085
Kumar BR, Saravanan S, Rana D, Nagendran A (2016) A comparative analysis on combustion and emissions of some next generation higher-alcohol/diesel blends in a direct-injection diesel engine. Energy Convers Manage 119:246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.053
Lapuerta M, Garcia-Contreras R, Campos-Fernandez J, Dorado MP (2010) Stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold-flow properties of alcohol-diesel blends. Energy Fuels 24:4497–4502. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100498u
Li L, Wang J, Wang Z, Xiao J (2015) Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/pentanol fuel blends. Fuel 156:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.04.048
Mahmudul HM, Hagos FY, Mamat R, Adam AA, Ishak WFW, Alenezi R (2017) Production, characterization and performance of biodiesel as an alternative fuel in diesel engines–A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 72:497–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.001
Mirhashemi FS, Sadrnia H (2019) NOx emissions of compression ignition engines fueled with various biodiesel blends: a review. J Energy Inst. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2019.04.003
Mishra S, Chauhan A, Mishra KB (2020) Role of binary and ternary blends of WCO biodiesel on emission reduction in diesel engine. Fuel 262:116604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116604
Nanthagopal K, Ashok B, Saravanan B, Patel D, Sudarshan B, Aaditya Ramasamy R (2018) An assessment on the effects of 1-pentanol and 1-butanol as additives with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel. Energy Convers Manage 158:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.12.048
Nour M, Kosaka H, Sato S, Bady M, Uchida A-R, K, (2017) Effect of ethanol/water blends addition on diesel fuel combustion in RCM and DI diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.07.026
Nour M, Attia AMA, Nada SA (2019) Combustion, performance and emission analysis of diesel engine fuelled by higher alcohols (butanol, octanol and heptanol)/diesel blends. Energy Convers Manage 185:313–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.01.105
Ozcelik Z, Gultekin N (2019) Effect of iridium spark plug gap on emission, noise, vibration of an internal combustion engine. Int J Energy Appl Technol 6(2):44–48
Qi DH, Lee CF, Jia CC, Wang PP, Wu ST (2014) Experimental investigations of combustion and emission characteristics of rapeseed oil–diesel blends in a two-cylinder agricultural diesel engine. Energy Convers Manage 77:227–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.09.023
Rajesh Kumar B, Saravanan S (2015) Effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on performance and emissions of a constant speed DI diesel engine fueled with pentanol/diesel blends. Fuel 160:217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.07.089
Rajesh Kumar B, Saravanan S, Rana D, Anish V, Nagendran A (2016) Effect of a sustainable biofuel - n-octanol - on the combustion, performance and emissions of a di diesel engine under naturally aspirated and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) modes. Energy Convers Manage 118:275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.001
Rakopoulos CD, Antonopoulos KA, Rakopoulos DC (2007) Experimental heat release analysis and emissions of a HSDI diesel engine fueled with ethanol–diesel fuel blends. Energy 32(10):1791–1808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.03.005
Ramesh A, Ashok B, Nanthagopal K, Pathy MR, Tambare A, Mali P et al (2019) Influence of hexanol as additive with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel for CI engine applications. Fuel 249:472–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.072
Ramírez AI, Aggarwal SK, Som S, Rutter TP, Longman DE (2014) Effects of blending a heavy alcohol (C20H40O with diesel in a heavy-duty compression-ignition engine. Fuel 136:89–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.06.039
Semwal S, Arora AK, Badoni R, Tuli DK (2011) Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts. Bioresour Technol 102:2151–2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.080
Shahir SA, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Imran A, Fattah IR, Sanjid A (2014) Feasibility of diesel–biodiesel–ethanol/bioethanol blend as existing CI engine fuel: an assessment of properties, material compatibility, safety and combustion. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 32:379–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.029
Sharma YC, Singh B, Upadhyay SN (2008) Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel: a review. Fuel 87:2355–2373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.01.014
Subramani L, Parthasarathy M, Balasubramanian D, Ramalingam KM (2018) Novel Garcinia gummi-gutta methyl ester (GGME) as a potential alternative feedstock for existing unmodified DI diesel engine. Renew Energy 125:568–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.134
Thiyagarajan S, Sonthalia A, Edwin Geo V, Prakash T, Karthickeyan V, Ashok B, Nanthagopal K, Dhinesh B (2020) Effect of manifold injection of methanol/n-pentanol in safflower biodiesel fuelled CI engine. Fuel 261:116378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116378
Tuccar G, Ozgur T, Aydın K (2014) Effect of diesel–microalgae biodiesel–butanol blends on performance and emissions of diesel engine. Fuel 132:47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.074
Venu H, Subramani L, Raju VD (2019) Emission reduction in a di diesel engine using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) of palm biodiesel blended with TiO2 nano additives. Renew Energy 140:245–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.078
Vinod Babu M, Madhu Murthy K, Amba Prasad Rao G (2017) Butanol and pentanol: the promising biofuels for CI engines – a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 78:1068–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.038
Wang YD, Al-Shemmeri T, Eames P, McMullan J, Hewitt N, Huang Y et al (2006) An experimental investigation of the performance and gaseous exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using blends of a vegetable oil. Appl Therm Eng 26(14–15):1684–1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.11.013
Warnatz J, Maas U, Dibble R (2006) Combustion: physical and chemical fundamentals, modeling and simulation, experiments, pollutant formation. Springer
Xiao Z, Ladommatos N, Zhao H (2000) The effect of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenates on diesel engine emissions. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D J Automob Eng 214:307–333. https://doi.org/10.1243/0954407001527448
Xiao H, Guo F, Wang R, Yang X, Li S, Ruan J (2020) Combustion performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with iso-butanol/biodiesel blends. Fuel 268:117387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117387
Yesilyurt MK (2020) A detailed investigation on the performance, combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine running on the blend of diesel fuel, biodiesel and 1-heptanol (C7 alcohol) as a next-generation higher alcohol. Fuel 275:117893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117893
Yilmaz N (2012) Comparative analysis of biodiesel–ethanol–diesel and biodiesel–methanol–diesel blends in a diesel engine. Energy 40(1):210–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.079
Yilmaz N, Vigil FM (2014) Potential use of a blend of diesel, biodiesel, alcohols and vegetable oil in compression ignition engines. Fuel 124:168–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.01.075
Yilmaz N, Atmanli A, Vigil FM (2018) Quaternary blends of diesel, biodiesel, higher alcohols and vegetable oil in a compression ignition engine. Fuel 212:462–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.050
Zhang ZH, Balasubramanian R (2014) Influence of butanol addition to diesel–biodiesel blend on engine performance and particulate emissions of a stationary diesel engine. Appl Energy 119:530–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.043
Zhu L, Xiao Y, Cheung CS, Guan C, Huang Z (2016) Combustion, gaseous and particulate emission of a diesel engine fueled with n-pentanol (C5 alcohol) blended with waste cooking oil biodiesel. Appl Therm Eng 102:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.03.145
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to DoS in Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India, for providing diesel engine experimental setup to conduct various performance test research facilities that is very much necessary to carry out the present research study.
Funding
No Funding for the current research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
KKN was involved in project administration, conceptualization, validation, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft. SS contributed to supervision, methodology, formal analysis, writing—review & editing. MTS was involved in formal analysis, validation, investigation. DTR was involved in investigation, writing—review & editing. SS helped in conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical approval
We certify that the manuscript titled “Experimental Assessment of Ternary Fuel Blends of Diesel, Hybrid Biodiesel and Alcohol in Naturally Aspirated CI engine” (hereinafter referred to as “the Research Paper”) has been entirely our original work except otherwise indicated, and it does not infringe the copyright of any third party. The submission of the Paper to International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST) implies that the paper has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher. Copyrights for articles published in International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST) are retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST).
Human and animal rights
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Consent to participate
We affirm that all authors have participated in the research work and are fully aware of ethical responsibilities.
Consent to publish
We affirm that all authors have agreed for submission of the paper to JEST and are fully aware of ethical responsibilities.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Nour Sh. El-Gendy.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Swarna, S., Swamy, M.T., Divakara, T.R. et al. Experimental assessment of ternary fuel blends of diesel, hybrid biodiesel and alcohol in naturally aspirated CI engine. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 8523–8554 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03586-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03586-7