Abstract
Biochar is a material with the ability to adsorb pollutants, and this capacity depends on pyrolysis temperature. In this research, the effect of pyrolysis temperature (650, 750, 850, and 950 °C) on the properties of biochar derived from eucalyptus wood and its influence on the sorption/desorption, leaching, and distribution of hexazinone in soil were evaluated. Sorption and desorption were investigated using the batch balance method, and experiments were conducted to assess hexazinone leaching (in glass columns) and distribution (in biometric flasks). The pyrolysis temperature of 950 °C increased (nitrogen + oxygen)/carbon and ash ratios and produced a biochar with greater sorption coefficient and less desorption coefficient of hexazinone. The pyrolysis temperature of 650 °C produced an aliphatic material, with less sorption and greater desorption. Biochars produced at pyrolysis temperatures of 850 and 950 °C completely prevented leaching of the herbicide in soil. The total hexazinone unavailable (mineralized + non-extracted residue) in the biochar system produced at pyrolysis temperatures of 850 °C (46%) and 950 °C (49%) was higher compared to that produced at 650 °C (33%) and 750 °C (42%). Despite this, the addition of biochar did not alter hexazinone mineralization but reduced the availability of the product in the environment due to the greater amount of non-extracted residue, thus reducing the risk of environmental contamination by this herbicide.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Code availability (software application or custom code)
Not applicable.
References
Adel AM, Abd El-Wahab ZH et al (2010) Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from lignocellulosic materials. Part I. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis. Bioresource Technol 101(12):4446–4455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.047
Aichour A, Zaghouane-Boudiaf H (2019) Highly brilliant green removal from wastewater by mesoporous adsorbents: kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium isotherm studies. Microchem J 146:1255–1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.040
ASTM (2018a) American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test method for ash in the analysis sample of coal and coke from coal. D3174-12. https://compass.astm.org/EDIT/html_annot.cgi?D3174+12. Accessed 12 Oct 2019
ASTM (2018b) American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal and coke. D3175 https://compass.astm.org/EDIT/html_annot.cgi?D3175+18. Accessed 12 Oct 2019
Azcarate MP, Montoya JC, Koskinen WC (2015) Sorption, desorption and leaching potential of sulfonylurea herbicides in Argentinean soils. J Environ Sci Health B 50(4):229–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.999583
Bhandari A, Xu F (2001) Impact of peroxidase addition on the sorption−desorption behavior of phenolic contaminants in surface soils. Environ Sci Technol 35(15):3163–3168. https://doi.org/10.1021/es002063n
Bouyoucos GJ (1962) Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agron J 54(5):464–465. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400050028x
Calderon MJ, Ortega M, Hermosín MC et al (2004) Hexazinone and simazine dissipation in forestry field nurseries. Chemosphere 54(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00707-0
Calegari RP, Mendes KF, Martins BC et al (2018) Removal of diuron and hexazinone from public water supply using a filter system. Planta Daninha. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582018360100147
Chagas PSF, Souza MF, Dombroski JLD et al (2019) Multivariate analysis reveals significant diuron-related changes in the soil composition of different Brazilian regions. Sci Rep 9(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44405-x
Chan CCV, Lari K, Soulsbury K (2020) An intermittently operated biochar filter to remove chemical contaminants from drinking water. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02615-w
Chen B, Zhou D, Zhu L (2008) Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures. Environ Sci Technol 42(14):5137–5143. https://doi.org/10.1021/es8002684
Cirad (2018) Eucalyptus 2018: managing eucalyptus plantation under global changes. Abstracts book, Montpellier, France, 2018. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00023. Accessed 19 Nov 2020
Claben D, Siedt M, Nguyen KT et al (2019) Formation, classification and identification of non-extractable residues of 14C-labelled ionic compounds in soil. Chemosphere 232:164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.038
Clark JD, Veum KS, Fernández FG et al (2019) United States midwest soil and weather conditions influence anaerobic potentially mineralizable nitrogen. Soil Sci Soc Am J 83(4):1137–1147. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2019.02.0047
Erickson LE, Lee KH, Sumner DD (1989) Degradation of atrazine and related s-triazines. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 19(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643388909388356
Fenoll J, Hellín P, Sabater P et al (2012) Trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water samples by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 101:273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.026
Gámiz B, Velarde P, Spokas KA et al (2019) Changes in sorption and bioavailability of herbicides in soil amended with fresh and aged biochar. Geoderma 337:341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.033
Guimarães ACD, Mendes KF, dos Reis FC, Campion TF et al (2018) Role of soil physicochemical properties in quantifying the fate of diuron, hexazinone, and metribuzin. Environ Sci Poll Res 25 (13):12419–12433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1469-5
Han MA, Kim JH, Song HS (2019) Persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, and the risk of thyroid cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 28(4):344–349. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000481
Heidari A, Stahl R, Younesi H et al (2014) Effect of process conditions on product yield and composition of fast pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis in fluidized bed reactor. J Ind Eng Chem 20(4):2594–2602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.10.046
Heidari A, Khaki E, Younesi H et al (2019) Evaluation of fast and slow pyrolysis methods for bio-oil and activated carbon production from eucalyptus wastes using a life cycle assessment approach. J Clean Prod 241:118394
Hou X, Lv S, Chen Z, Xiao F (2018) Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technologies on asphalt materials. Measurement 12:304–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.03.001
Huang W, Yu H, Weber WJ Jr (1998) Hysteresis in the sorption and desorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants by soils and sediments: 1. A comparative analysis of experimental protocols. J Contam Hydrol 31(1–2):129–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(97)00056-9
Iso N (2005) 10390 soil quality, determination of pH. International Organization for Standardization, Geneve
IUSS Working Group WRB (2006) World reference base for soil resources. World soil resources reports, 103, FAO, Rome
Jablonowski ND, Borchard N, Zajkoska P et al (2013) Biochar-mediated [14C] atrazine mineralization in atrazine-adapted soils from Belgium and Brazil. J Agric Food Chem 61(3):512–516. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf303957a
Jones DL, Edwards-Jones G, Murphy DV (2011) Biochar mediated alterations in herbicide breakdown and leaching in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 43(4):804–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
Kaestner M, Nowak KM, Miltner A et al (2014) Classification and modelling of nonextractable residue (NER) formation of xenobiotics in soil—a synthesis. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 44(19):2107–2171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.828270
Kaufman DD, Kearney PC (1970) Microbial degradation of s-triazine herbicides. In: Single pesticide volume: the triazine herbicides. Springer, New York
Khorram MS, Zheng Y, Lin D et al (2016) Dissipation of fomesafen in biochar-amended soil and its availability to corn (Zea mays L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). J Soils Sedim 16(10):2439–2448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1407-4
Koskinen WC, Stone DM, Harris AR (1996) Sorption of hexazinone, sulfometuron methyl, and tebuthiuron on acid, low base saturated sands. Chemosphere 32(9):1681–1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(96)00085-9
Kim S et al (2019) PubChem 2019 update: improved access to chemical data. Nucleic Acids Res 47(D1):D1102–D1109. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1033
Kompost EV (1994) Methodenbuch zur Analyse von Kompost. Köln, Nov
Lee XJ, Lee LY, Gan S, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Ng HK (2017) Biochar potential evaluation of palm oil wastes through slow pyrolysis: thermochemical characterization and pyrolytic kinetic studies. Bioresour Technol 236:155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.105
Machado CS et al (2017) Health risks of environmental exposure to metals and herbicides in the Pardo River, Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(25):20160–20172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9461-z
Marsac P, Piérard N, Porot L et al (2014) Potential and limits of FTIR methods for reclaimed asphalt characterisation. Mater Struct 47(8):1273–1286. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0248-0
Marx S, Chiyanzu I, Piyo N (2014) Influence of reaction atmosphere and solvent on biochar yield and characteristics. Bioresour Technol 164:177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.067
Masiol M, Giannì B, Prete M (2018) Herbicides in river water across the northeastern Italy: occurrence and spatial patterns of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate ammonium. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(24):24368–24378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2511-3
Mendes KF, Inoue MH, Goulart MO et al (2016) Leaching of a mixture of hexazinone, sulfometuron-methyl, and diuron applied to soils of contrasting textures. Water Air Soil Pollut 227(8):268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2954-4
Mendes KF, de Sousa RN, Takeshita V et al (2019) Cow bone char as a sorbent to increase sorption and decrease mobility of hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac in soil. Geoderma 343:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.009
Mendes KF, Hall KE, Takeshita V et al (2018) Animal bonechar increases sorption and decreases leaching potential of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione in a tropical soil. Geoderma 316:11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.12.017
Mukherjee S, Tappe W, Weihermueller L et al (2016) Dissipation of bentazone, pyrimethanil and boscalid in biochar and digestate based soil mixtures for biopurification systems. Sci Total Environ 544:192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.111
Nag SK, Kookana R, Smith L et al (2011) Poor efficacy of herbicides in biochar-amended soils as affected by their chemistry and mode of action. Chemosphere 84(11):1572–1577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.052
Nandula VK, Vencill WK (2015) Herbicide absorption and translocation in plants using radioisotopes. Weed Sci 63(SP1):140–151. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-13-00107.1
OECD (2000) OECD guidelines for the testing of Chemicals-Adsorption-Desorption Using a Batch Equilibrium Method. Test Guideline, 106, OECD Publications, Paris. https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264069602-en. Accessed 5 Oct 2018
OECD (2002) OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Test Number 307: Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Soil OEDC, Paris. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-307-aerobic-and-anaerobic-transformation-in-soil_9789264070509-en. Accessed 5 Oct 2018
OECD (2004) OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Test Number 312: Leaching in Soil Columns OECD, Paris. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-312-leaching-in-soil-columns_9789264070561-en. Accessed 5 Oct 2018
Pereira-Junior EV, Giori FG, Nascimento AL et al (2015) Effects of soil attributes and straw accumulation on the sorption of hexazinone and tebuthiuron in tropical soils cultivated with sugarcane. J Environ Sci Health B 50(4):238–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.999588
Piccoli I, Torreggiani A, Pituello C et al (2020) Automated image analysis and hyperspectral imagery with enhanced dark field microscopy applied to biochars produced at different temperatures. Waste Manag 105:457–466
Portal TP, Pedlowski MA, Almeida CM, Canela MC (2019) An integrated assessment of water quality in a land reform settlement in northern Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Heliyon 5(3):e01295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01295
PPDB (2020) Pesticide properties database. Footprint: creating tools for pesticide riskassessment and management in Europe. University of Hertfordshire, England. http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/index.htm Accessed 20 Oct 2019
PubChem (2020) National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hexazinone Accessed 15 Oct 2020
R Core Team (2019) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 3.6.1) R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
Raij BV (2001) Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. São Paulo, Brasil
Ran Y, Xing B, Rao PSC et al (2004) Importance of adsorption (hole-filling) mechanism for hydrophobic organic contaminants on an aquifer kerogen isolate. Environ Sci Technol 38(16):4340–4348. https://doi.org/10.1021/es035168+
Rehan M, El Fadly G, Farid M et al (2017) Opening the s-triazine ring and biuret hydrolysis during conversion of atrazine by Frankia sp. strain EuI1c. Int Biodeter Biodegr 117:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.11.013
Reid BJ, Pickering FL, Freddo A et al (2013) Influence of biochar on isoproturon partitioning and bioaccessibility in soil. Environ Pollut 181:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.042
Reis FC, Tornisielo VL, Pimpinato RF et al (2017) Leaching of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl applied alone and in mixture in soils with contrasting textures. J Agric Food Chem 65(13):2645–2650. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05127
Rhodes RC (1980) Soil studies with carbon-14-labeled hexazinone. J Agric Food Chem 28(2):311–315
Santos LOG, Souza MDF, Das Chagas PSF et al (2019) Effect of liming on hexazinone sorption and desorption behavior in various soils. Arch Agron Soil Sci 65(9):1183–1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1557323
Shaner DL (2014) Herbicide handbook (No. 632.954 W394h10). Weed Science Society of America
Silva TS, Souza MF, Teófilo TMS et al (2019) Use of neural networks to estimate the sorption and desorption coefficients of herbicides: a case study of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl in Brazil. Chemosphere 236:124333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.064
Speratti AB, Johnson MS, Sousa HM et al (2018) Biochars from local agricultural waste residues contribute to soil quality and plant growth in a Cerrado region (Brazil) Arenosol. GCB Bioenergy 10(4):272–286
Suliman W, Harsh JB, Abu-Lail NI (2016) Influence of feedstock source and pyrolysis temperature on biochar bulk and surface properties. Biomass Bioenergy 84:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.11.010
Tahir M, Hassan AU, Maqbool S et al (2016) Sorption and leaching potential of isoproturon and atrazine in low organic carbon soil of Pakistan under a wheat-maize rotation. Pedosphere 26(5):687–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60077-7
Trigo C, Cox L, Spokas K (2016) Influence of pyrolysis temperature and hardwood species on resulting biochar properties and their effect on azimsulfuron sorption as compared to other sorbents. Sci Total Environ 566:1454–1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.027
Wang H, Wang C, Chen F et al (2012) Modification to degradation of hexazinone in forest soils amended with sewage sludge. J Hazard Mater 199:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.073
Wang R, Wang L, Xu Q, Ren BY et al (2019) Visible-Light-Promoted [5 + 1] Annulation Initiated by Electron-Donor–Acceptor Complexes: Synthesis of Perfluoroalkyl- -Triazines. Org Lett 21(9):3072–3076. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00655
Wang X, Wang H, Tan C (2005) Degradation and metabolism of hexazinone by two isolated bacterial strains from soil. Chemosphere 61(10):1468–1474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.116
Weber K, Quicker P (2018) Properties of biochar. Fuel 217:240–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054
Xiang Y, Yang X, Xu Z et al (2020) Fabrication of sustainable manganese ferrite modified biochar from vinasse for enhanced adsorption of fluoroquinolone antibiotics: effects and mechanisms. Sci Total Environ 709:136079
Xiao F, Pignatello JJ (2015) π+–π Interactions between (hetero) aromatic amine cations and the graphitic surfaces of pyrogenic carbonaceous materials. Environ Sci Technol 49(2):906–914. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5043029
Xiao F, Pignatello JJ (2015) Interactions of triazine herbicides with biochar: steric and electronic effects. Water Res 80:179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.040
Yavari S, Abualqumboz M, Sapari N et al (2020) Sorption of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides on chitosan-modified biochars. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17:3341–3350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02629-9
Yavari S, Sapari NB, Malakahmad A, Yavari S (2019) Degradation of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides in the presence of optimized oil palm empty fruit bunch and rice husk biochars in soil. J Hazard Mater 366:636–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.022
Yuan H, Lu T, Huang H et al (2015) Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physical and chemical properties of biochar made from sewage sludge. J Anal Appl Pyrol 112:284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.01.010
Zhao B, O’Connor D, Zhang J et al (2018) Effect of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and residence time on rapeseed stem derived biochar. J Clean Prod 174:977–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.013
Zhelezova A, Cederlund H, Stenström J (2017) Effect of biochar amendment and ageing on adsorption and degradation of two herbicides. Water Air Soil Poll 228(6):216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3392-7
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq.
Funding
This work was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
KFM and DVS contributed to conceptualization; TMST and VT helped in investigation and methodology; BCCF and MFS wrote original draft; BCCF and HAL reviewed and edited the final manuscript; VLT and DVS contributed to funding acquisition.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Ta Yeong Wu.
Supplementary information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fernandes, B.C.C., Mendes, K.F., Tornisielo, V.L. et al. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on eucalyptus wood residues biochar on availability and transport of hexazinone in soil. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 499–514 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03147-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03147-y