Abstract
This study investigated the removal of cadmium and lead from Kermanshah oil refinery wastewater using Iranian clinoptilolite modified by HCl. HCl with a concentration of 5 M was used to modify zeolite. The results of Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis showed that the adsorbent specific surface area after the modification increased by more than six times. Moreover, the results of Fourier transform-infrared showed that the Si–O–Si groups were enhanced after the modification of the adsorbent. In addition, the results of X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analyses also showed that the modified adsorbent had better properties for adsorbing heavy metals. Afterward, we studied the use of Iranian clinoptilolite and modified Iranian clinoptilolite for the removal of cadmium and lead in an adsorbent bed. All the experiments were carried out in a continuous adsorbent bed with a volume of 330 ml at the ambient temperature. The effects of the operational variables (initial concentration of heavy metals, wastewater flow rate, and adsorbent dose) on the adsorption rate were investigated. The results indicated that, when the concentration of heavy metals and the adsorbent dose were the maximum and the flow rate was at the lowest level, the highest level of Cd and Pb removal was achieved using either adsorbents. However, the modified adsorbent had a higher ability to remove heavy metals. In optimal operating conditions and in the presence of the modified adsorbent, the removal of cadmium and lead from the wastewater was 85.9% and 98.9%, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhigbe L, Ouki S, Saroj D (2016) Disinfection and removal performance for Escherichia coli and heavy metals by silver-modified zeolite in a fixed bed column. Chem Eng J 295:92–98
Al-Haddad A, Chmielewska E, Al-Radwan S (2007) A brief comparable lab. Examination for oil refinery wastewater treatment using the zeolitic and carbonaceous adsorbents. Pet Coal 49(1):21–26
Allen SJ, Ivanova E, Koumanova B (2009) Adsorption of sulfur dioxide on chemically modified natural clinoptilolite. Acid modification. Chem Eng J 152(2):389–395
Argun ME (2008) Use of clinoptilolite for the removal of nickel ions from water: kinetics and thermodynamics. J Hazard Mater 150(3):587–595
Azimi A, Azari A, Rezakazemi M, Ansarpour M (2017) Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters: a review. ChemBioEng Rev 4(1):37–59
Baccar R, Bouzid J, Feki M, Montiel A (2009) Preparation of activated carbon from Tunisian olive-waste cakes and its application for adsorption of heavy metal ions. J Hazard Mater 162(2–3):1522–1529
Beyazit N, Peker I, Ergun ON (2003) Removal of lead and zinc ions from aqueous solution using Amasya zeolites from Turkey. Int J Environ Pollut 19(2):160–170
Bok T, Knyazeva E, Ivanova I (2018) Specific features of formation of crystalline silicoaluminophosphates in grains based on kaolin and phosphoric acid. Russ J Appl Chem 91(6):948–958
Cakicioglu-Ozkan F, Ulku S (2005) The effect of HCl treatment on water vapor adsorption characteristics of clinoptilolite rich natural zeolite. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 77(1):47–53
DeCoursey WJ (2003) Statistics and probability for engineering applications with microsoft excel. Elsevier Science, USA, pp 1–5
Ferreira SC, Bruns RE, Ferreira HS, Matos GD, David JM, Brandao GC, da Silva EG, Portugal LA, dos Reis PS, Souza AS, dos Santos WN (2007) Box–Behnken design: an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Anal Chim Acta 597(2):179–186
Fu F, Wang Q (2011) Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J Environ Manage 92(3):407–418
Gilhotra V et al (2018) Electrocoagulation technology for high strength arsenic wastewater: process optimization and mechanistic study. J Clean Prod 198:693–703
Goel J, Kadirvelu K, Rajagopal C, Garg VK (2005) Removal of lead(II) by adsorption using treated granular activated carbon: batch and column studies. J Hazard Mater 125(1–3):211–220
Golubeva OY, Mokeev M (2016) Study of the influence of extra-framework cations and organic templates on zeolite crystallization in SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–K2O (R2O, RO) systems. Glass Phys Chem 42(6):566–575
Gutiérrez-Segura E, Solache-Ríos M, Colín-Cruz A, Fall C (2012) Adsorption of cadmium by Na and Fe modified zeolitic tuffs and carbonaceous material from pyrolyzed sewage sludge. J Environ Manag 97:6–13
Guzel P, Aydın YA, Aksoy ND (2016) Removal of chromate from wastewater using amine-based-surfactant-modified clinoptilolite. Int J Environ Sci Technol 13(5):1277–1288
Huang Y, Zeng X, Guo L, Lan J, Zhang L, Cao D (2018) Heavy metal ion removal of wastewater by zeolite-imidazolate frameworks. Sep Purif Technol 194:462–469
Inglezakis VJ, Stylianou MA, Gkantzou D, Loizidou MD (2007) Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by using clinoptilolite and bentonite as adsorbents. Desalination 210(1–3):248–256
Inyang MI et al (2016) A review of biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 46(4):406–433
Jusoh A, Shiung LS, Noor M (2007) A simulation study of the removal efficiency of granular activated carbon on cadmium and lead. Desalination 206(1–3):9–16
Mahmoodi NM, Saffar-Dastgerdi MH (2019) Zeolite nanoparticle as a superior adsorbent with high capacity: synthesis, surface modification and pollutant adsorption ability from wastewater. Microchem J 145:74–83
Mier MV, Callejas RL, Gehr R, Cisneros BEJ, Alvarez PJJ (2001) Heavy metal removal with mexican clinoptilolite: multi-component ionic exchange. Water Res 35(2):373–378
Mirian Z-A, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A (2016) Removal of phenol content of an industrial wastewater via a heterogeneous photodegradation process using supported FeO onto nanoparticles of Iranian clinoptilolite. Desalin Water Treat 57(35):16483–16494
Mojiri A, Ziyang L, Tajuddin RM, Farraji H, Alifar N (2016) Co-treatment of landfill leachate and municipal wastewater using the ZELIAC/zeolite constructed wetland system. J Environ Manage 166:124–130
Molla Mahmoudi M, Nadali A, Soheil Arezoomand HR, Mahvi AH (2018) Adsorption of cationic dye textile wastewater using clinoptilolite: isotherm and kinetic study. J Text Inst 110:1–7
Montgomery DC (2017) Design and analysis of experiments. Wiley, New York
Motsi T, Rowson NA, Simmons MJH (2009) Adsorption of heavy metals from acid mine drainage by natural zeolite. Int J Miner Process 92(1):42–48
Nah IW, Hwang K-Y, Jeon C, Choi HB (2006) Removal of Pb ion from water by magnetically modified zeolite. Miner Eng 19(14):1452–1455
Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Kabiri-Samani M (2013) Effective removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions by modification of nano particles of clinoptilolite with dimethylglyoxime. J Hazard Mater 260:339–349
Nguyen NC et al (2016) Innovative sponge-based moving bed–osmotic membrane bioreactor hybrid system using a new class of draw solution for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Res 91:305–313
Norton-Brandão D, Scherrenberg SM, van Lier JB (2013) Reclamation of used urban waters for irrigation purposes: a review of treatment technologies. J Environ Manage 122:85–98
Perić J, Trgo M, Medvidović NV (2004) Removal of zinc, copper and lead by natural zeolite: a comparison of adsorption isotherms. Water Res 38(7):1893–1899
Rao GPC, Satyaveni S, Ramesh A, Seshaiah K, Murthy KSN, Choudary NV (2006) Sorption of cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by zeolite 4A, zeolite 13X and bentonite. J Environ Manage 81(3):265–272
Ríos CA, Williams CD, Roberts CL (2008) Removal of heavy metals from acid mine drainage (AMD) using coal fly ash, natural clinker and synthetic zeolites. J Hazard Mater 156(1):23–35
Shaban M, AbuKhadra MR, Nasief FM, El-Salam HMA (2017) Removal of ammonia from aqueous solutions, ground water, and wastewater using mechanically activated clinoptilolite and synthetic zeolite-a: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Water Air Soil Pollut 228(11):450
Yurekli Y (2016) Removal of heavy metals in wastewater by using zeolite nano-particles impregnated polysulfone membranes. J Hazard Mater 309:53–64
Zanin E et al (2017) Adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater graphic industry using clinoptilolite zeolite as adsorbent. Process Saf Environ Prot 105:194–200
Zhao M, Xu Y, Zhang C, Rong H, Zeng G (2016) New trends in removing heavy metals from wastewater. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100(15):6509–6518
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Kermanshah University of Technology for this research under Grant No. 96/1204.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Fatih ŞEN.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aghel, B., Mohadesi, M., Gouran, A. et al. Use of modified Iranian clinoptilolite zeolite for cadmium and lead removal from oil refinery wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 1239–1250 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02466-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02466-5