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A Contribution Towards Resolving the Systematics of the High-Altitude Tropical Andean Satyrine Genus Altopedaliodes Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalinae: Satyrinae)

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Abstract

The first phylogenetic hypotheses for the high Andean satyrine butterfly genus Altopedaliodes is proposed based on sequence data from mitochondrial (COI and COII) and nuclear (EF-1α) genes. Four species previously included in the genus were found not to be closely related to the clade containing the type species for Altopedaliodes, and these species are therefore removed and placed in the appropriate genus: Pedaliodes cocytia (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867) n. comb., Pedaliodes nebris Thieme 1905rev. comb., Neopedaliodes tamaensis (Pyrcz and Viloria 2007) n. comb., and Altopedaliodes similis Henao, Páez and Rodríguez-M., 2017; the last name is here synonymized with Pedaliodes nebris (Thieme 1905) n. syn. A taxonomic revision of the twelve species in Altopedaliodes as newly circumscribed is presented and all the currently recognized taxa are revised. We describe two new species, A. llanganati Padrón, Pyrcz and Willmott n. sp. (Ecuador, Napo) and A. pilimbala Pyrcz and Boyer n. sp. (Colombia, Cauca), and three new subspecies, A. reissi papallacta Padrón, Pyrcz and Willmott n. ssp. (Ecuador, Napo), A. reissi dominica Pyrcz and Padrón n. ssp. (Colombia, Valle del Cauca) and A. halli cagnoni Boyer, Pyrcz and Padrón n. ssp. (Ecuador, Morona-Santiago). A new status is proposed for A. nucea Pyrcz and Viloria 1999, n. stat., we combine Altopedaliodes scydmaena (Hayward, 1968) n. comb. and Altopedaliodes belmira (Pyrcz and Rodríguez, 2004), n. comb., n. stat. into the genus and treat the latter taxon as a species, and we newly treat Altopedaliodes scydmaena kruegeri Pyrcz 1999n. stat. as a subspecies.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Santiago Villamarín, Sofía Nogales, the INABIO, and Ecuadorian Ministerio del Ambiente for arranging the necessary permits for research in Ecuador, most recently under the project “Diversity and Biology of Lepidoptera in Ecuador” (No. 006-19 IC-FLO-FAU-DNB/MA). S. P. thanks Hernan Padrón, Mariana Martínez, and Santiago Padrón for their help during field work, and K. R. W. thanks Jason Hall, Julia and Jamie Robinson Willmott, and Ismael Aldas. We thank the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, for the support. This project was undertaken while PSP was the recipient of a Fullbright Award. TWP thanks Pierre Boyer, Carlos Prieto, Oscar Mahecha, and Dubi Benyamini for providing valuable specimens for this study, and José Cerdeńa and Ichiro Nakamura for additional distributional data. We are grateful to Klaudia Florczyk and Jadwiga Lorenc-Brudecka for dissecting and photographing a number of specimens, and Anna Zubek for processing molecular data at CEP-MZUJ. We also thank the museum curators who allowed us to examine the Satyrinae collections under their care, and individuals who provided access to or shared information from their private collections or field work, including Francisco Piñas, Maurizio Bollino, Blanca Huertas, María Fernanda Checa, Brad Stirn, and Santiago Villamarín. We thank the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, for permission to publish images of specimens in that collection.

Funding

This work was supported in part by grants from the Universidad del Azuay and its funding research program 2018-2020. Museum and field work of KRW were funded in part by the Darwin Initiative, the National Geographic Society (Research and Exploration Grant no. 5751-96) and NSF (no. 0103746, no. 0639977, no. 0639861, no. 0847582, no. 1256742). This research was also partly supported by NCN grant Harmonia-10 2018/30/M/NZ8/00293 “Evolutionary biogeography and diversification of the predominantly Andean butterfly subtribe Pronophilina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on phylogenetic data generated using modern molecular methods.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Entomologia, Escuela de Biología, Ecología y Gestión, Univ del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador

    Pablo Sebastián Padrón

  2. McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Univ of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Pablo Sebastián Padrón & Keith Richard Willmott

  3. Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian Univ, Kraków, Poland

    Tomasz Wilhelm Pyrcz

  4. Invertebrate Evolution Dept, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian Univ, Kraków, Poland

    Tomasz Wilhelm Pyrcz

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  1. Pablo Sebastián Padrón
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Pablo Sebastián Padrón, Tomasz W. Pyrcz, and Keith R. Willmott. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Pablo Sebastián Padrón and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Padrón, P.S., Pyrcz, T.W. & Willmott, K.R. A Contribution Towards Resolving the Systematics of the High-Altitude Tropical Andean Satyrine Genus Altopedaliodes Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalinae: Satyrinae). Neotrop Entomol 50, 767–803 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-021-00897-9

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