Abstract
The current research contains synthesis, DNA-interaction analysis, in vitro anti-oxidant evaluation, and antibacterial assay of triazole-azomethine hybrids. Consequently, the synthesized hybrids were subjected to molecular docking (MD), density functional theory (DFT) guided experimental DNA-interaction studies, in vitro DPPH quenching, and bactericidal assay. Subsequently, the screened hybrids displayed higher DNA binding abilities in DNA-interaction studies. Notably, the hybrids bearing 4-hydroxy-), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-), and 4-bromo-) groups displayed higher binding ability in the DNA grooves with respective interaction strengths in the range of 3.43–6.43 × 10–3 M−1 higher than the reference Cis-platin (3.142 × 10–3 M−1) augmented by MD and DFT analysis. Similarly, DFT-guided UV–visible spectroscopy-based anti-oxidant assay revealed potent oxidative nature of the screened hybrids. DPPH free radical scavenging ability in terms of IC50 values falls within a narrow range of 22.30–34.22 μM. The screened hybrids bearing 4-hydroxy-), 3,4-dihydroxy-), and 2,3,4-trihydroxy-) groups display highest DPPH scavenging potential with respective IC50 values of 34.22 μM, 32.11 μM, and 29.30 μM. Moreover, the synthesized hybrids were evaluated against gram-negative and positive bacterial strains, indicating their inhibitory potential as zone of inhibition (ZOI). Briefly, the screened hybrid bearing 2,3,4-trihydroxy-) group displayed ZOI (21 mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative strain) higher than Benzylpenicillin (18 mm). The remaining hybrids possess inhibitory potential comparable to the reference. Conversely, the screened hybrids showed varied responses against Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive strain), with highest ZOI (16 mm) displayed by the hybrid with 4-hydroxy-) group. Thus, the obtained ZOI suggests the potent hybrids to be explored further as effective motifs against gram-negative and positive bacterial strains.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Afrin, P.C.A. Swamy, Coord. Chem. Rev. 494, 215327 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215327
E. Raczuk, B. Dmochowska, J.S. Fiertek, J. Madaj, Molecules 27(3), 787 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030787
H. Aziz, A. Saeed, F. Jabeen, M.A. Khan, A.U. Rehman, M.Q. Khan, M. Saleem, J. Mol. Struct. 1278, 134924 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.134924
H. Aziz, A. Saeed, F. Jabeen, A. Basit, I.Z. Qureshi, A. Aziz, A. Haroon, A.U. Rehman, Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 40(3), 291–300 (2021). https://doi.org/10.14102/j.cnki.0254-5861.2011-2871
A. Kajal, S. Bala, S. Kamboj, N. Sharma, V. Saini, J. Cat. 2013, 893512 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/893512
W. Qin, S. Long, M. Panunzio, S. Biondi, Molecules 18(10), 12264–12289 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012264
S. Malladi, A.M. Isloor, S. Isloor, D.S. Akhila, H.K. Fun, Arab. J. Chem. 6(3), 335–340 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.10.009
A. Jarrahpour, D. Khalili, E. De Clercq, C. Salmi, J.M. Brunel, Molecules 12(8), 1720–1730 (2007). https://doi.org/10.3390/12081720
N. Vukovic, S. Sukdolak, S. Solujic, N. Niciforovic, Food Chem. 120(4), 1011–1018 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.040
K.P. Rakesh, H.M. Manukumar, D.C. Gowda, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 25(5), 1072–1077 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.010
A. Pandey, R. Rajavel, S. Chandraker, D. Dash, J. Chem. 9(4), 2524–2531 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/145028
V. Judge, B. Narasimhan, M. Ahuja, D. Sriram, P. Yogeeswari, E. De Clercq, C. Pannecouque, J. Balzarini, Med. Chem. Res. 21, 1451–1470 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-011-9662-9
C.M. Da Silva, D.L. da Silva, L.V. Modolo, R.B. Alves, M.A. de Resende, C.V.B. Martins, A. de Fátima, J. Adv. Res. 2(1), 1–8 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2010.05.004
A. Rauf, A. Shah, K.S. Munawar, A.A. Khan, R. Abbasi, M.A. Yameen, A.M. Khan, A.R. Khan, I.Z. Qureshi, H.B. Kraatz, Z.U. Rehman, J. Mol. Struct. 1145, 132–140 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.05.098
I. Sheikhshoaie, A. Akbari, S.Y. Ebrahimipour, Arab. J. Chem. 6(4), 407–411 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.10.019
R. Borgohain, A.K. Guha, S. Pratihar, J.G. Handique, Comput. Theor. Chem. 1060, 17–23 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2015.02.014
K. Karrouchi, L. Chemlal, J. Taoufik, Y. Cherrah, S. Radi, M.E.A. Faouzi, M. Ansar, Ann. Pharm. Fr. 74(6), 431–438 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2016.03.005
S.A. Deodware, U.B. Barache, U.B. Chanshetti, D.J. Sathe, U.P. Ashok, S.H. Gaikwad, S.P. Kollur, Results Chem. 3, 100162 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100162
V.D. da Silva, B.M. de Faria, E. Colombo, L. Ascari, G.P.A. Freitas, L.S. Flores, Y. Cordeiro, L. Romão, C.D. Buarque, Bioorg. Chem. 83, 87–97 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.003
M. Amir, K. Shikha, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 39(6), 535–545 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.02.008
P. Tyagi, S. Chandra, B.S. Saraswat, D. Yadav, Spectrochim. Acta A 145, 155–164 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.034
B. Miroslaw, T. Plech, M. Wujec, J. Mol. Struct. 1083, 187–193 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.11.060
M. Koparir, C. Orek, A.E. Parlak, A. Söylemez, P. Koparir, M. Karatepe, S.D. Dastan, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 63, 340–346 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.025
A. Özdemir, G.T. Zitouni, Z.A. Kaplancikli, P. Chevallet, J. Enz. Inhib. Med. Chem. 22(4), 511–516 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/14756360601178424
R.Y. Jin, C.Y. Zeng, X.H. Liang, X.H. Sun, Y.F. Liu, Y.Y. Wang, S. Zhou, Bioorg. Chem. 80, 253–260 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.06.030
Pooja, V. Gupta, S. Singh, Y.k. Gupta, J. Ultra Chem. 13(6), 132–139 (2017). https://doi.org/10.22147/juc/130601
R.R. Pillai, K. Karrouchi, S. Fettach, S. Armaković, S.J. Armaković, Y. Brik, J. Taoufik, S. Radi, M.E.A. Faouzi, M. Ansar, J. Mol. Struct. 1177, 47–54 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.09.037
H. Aziz, A. Saeed, F. Jabeen, A. Wadood, A.U. Rehman, M. Majid, I.U. Haq, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 16, 2143–2157 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-019-01686-3
H. Aziz, A. Saeed, A.U. Rehman, F. Jabeen, B. Nasir, A.U. Khan, I.U. Khan, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 18, 1965–1977 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-021-02156-5
E. Jabeen, N.K. Janjua, S. Ahmed, I. Tahiri, M. Kashif, A. Javed, Inorg. Chim. Acta 496, 119048 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2019.119048
E. Jabeen, N.K. Janjua, S. Ahmed, I. Murtaza, T. Ali, S. Hameed, Spectrochim. Acta A 171, 432–438 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.08.035
M. Balouiri, M. Sadiki, S.K. Ibnsouda, J. Pharm. Anal. 6(2), 71–79 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
K.O. Fagbemi, D.A. Aina, M.O.A. Isijola, K.K. Naidoo, R.M. Coopoosamy, O.O. Olajuyigbe, Sci. Rep. 12(1), 9432 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13716-x
Z. Peng, G. Wang, Q.H. Zeng, Y. Li, Y. Wu, H. Liu, J.J. Wang, Y. Zhao, Food Chem. 341(2), 128265 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128265
S. Qin, W. Xiao, C. Zhou, Q. Pu, X. Deng, L. Lan, X. Song, M. Wu, Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 7(1), 199 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01056-1
Acknowledgements
The author(s) are thankful to the mentioned departments for accomplishment of the work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declare no competing interests.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Aziz, H., Zafar, F., Jabeen, E. et al. Synthesis, in silico guided DNA-interaction analysis, in vitro anti-oxidant evaluation, and antibacterial assay of 4-amino-5-(2-benzylidenehydrazinyl)-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thiones. J IRAN CHEM SOC 21, 863–876 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-024-02976-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-024-02976-1