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An inclusive review on inorganic gels: classifications, synthesis methods and applications

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Abstract

Inorganic gels are an important group of nanostructured materials whose applications are expanding day by day. This group of gels with a solid colloidal shape are three-dimensional hydrophilic networks with cross-linked bonds that consist of inorganic macromolecules. Inorganic gels are categorized into xerogels, aerogels and cryogels. This type of gels is of particular importance due to their increasingly important applications in medicine, energy, wastewater treatment, electrolytes, fuel, thermal insulation, etc. Due to the growing research and application importance of this type of gels, this article comprehensively deals with their various aspects. Within the scope of the present study, the classification of gels is first discussed, and then, synthesis methods, including sol–gel, thermal processes, non-aqueous sol–gel and precipitation, are scrutinized. The discussion continues with hybrid gels and ends with investigating the different uses of the gels.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank Eng. Danial Assarian who assisted us in preparing the art works.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran

    Rahman Izadi, Kazem Mohammadzadeh & Seyed Nezameddin Ashrafizadeh

  2. Department of Energy, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran

    Mostafa Mahinroosta

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  1. Rahman Izadi
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  2. Mostafa Mahinroosta
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  3. Kazem Mohammadzadeh
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  4. Seyed Nezameddin Ashrafizadeh
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Correspondence to Mostafa Mahinroosta or Seyed Nezameddin Ashrafizadeh.

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Izadi, R., Mahinroosta, M., Mohammadzadeh, K. et al. An inclusive review on inorganic gels: classifications, synthesis methods and applications. J IRAN CHEM SOC 20, 1757–1779 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-023-02818-6

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