Abstract
Herein, carbon nanotubes assisted electromembrane extraction method (CNTs/EME) coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed for preconcentration and determination of cocaine in different real samples for the first time. In this method, CNTs dispersed in organic solvent were located in the pores of porous fiber walls supported by capillary forces and sonification. Using this strategy, a new route was generated for higher mass transfer of cocaine across the supported liquid membrane (SLM), which could reinforce the extraction efficiency. The effect of experimental parameters such as voltage and time was examined to achieve the highest extraction efficiency, CNTs/EME provided higher extraction efficiencies in a lower extraction voltage in comparison with the EME method. Under the optimized conditions (100 V as the voltage, pH = 2.0 in acceptor phase, pH = 6.0 in the donor phase, 2 mg mL−1 CNTs concentration in SLM, and extraction time of 20 min), linearity was ranged from 7 to 3000 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.9978) with a detection limit (S/N ratio of 3:1) of 2.12 ng mL−1. A high preconcentration factor (178) and a high extraction recovery (89%) with a good repeatability value (RSD = 4.5%, n = 5) were also obtained. Finally, this method was successfully applied to determine cocaine in wastewater and biological samples.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Singh, Chem. Rev. 100, 925 (2000)
E. Jagerdeo, M.A. Montgomery, M.A. LeBeau, M. Sibum, J. Chromatogr. B 874, 15 (2008)
R. Harrison, S. Fu, J. Forensic Investig. 2, 1 (2014)
O. Adegoke, M.A. Pereira-Barros, S. Zolotovskaya, A. Abdolvand, N.N. Daeid, Microchim. Acta 187, 104 (2020)
I. González-Mariño, A. Estévez-Danta, R. Rodil, K.M. Da Silva, F.F. Sodré, R. Cela, J.B. Quintana, Drug Test. Anal. 11, 1018 (2019)
R. Sharma, J. Kumar, JPC-J. Planar Chromatogr. 31, 383 (2018)
B. Yuksel, N. Sen, Marmara Pharm. J. 22, 511 (2018)
M.C. Marra, B.M. de CastroCosta, R.A.A. Munoz, M.H.P. Santana, A.O. Maldaner, É.D. Botelho, W.K.T. Coltro, E.M. Richter, Anal. Methods 10, 2875 (2018)
J. Eliaerts, N. Meert, P. Dardenne, V. Baeten, J.-A.F. Pierna, F. Van Durme, K. De Wael, N. Samyn, J. Anal. Toxicol. 44, 851 (2020)
R.F. Kranenburg, J. Verduin, Y. Weesepoel, M. Alewijn, M. Heerschop, G. Koomen, P. Keizers, F. Bakker, F. Wallace, A. van Esch, A. Hulsbergen, A.C. van Asten, Drug Test. Anal. 12, 1404 (2020)
F. Beigloo, A. Noori, M.A. Mehrgardi, M.F. Mousavi, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 13, 659 (2016)
T.B. Capelari, J. de Cássia Mendonça, L.R. da Rocha, M.C. Prete, P.N. Angelis, L.P. Camargo, L.H. Dall'Antonia, C.R.T. Tarley, J. Electroanal. Chem. 880, 114791 (2021)
L.S. de Jager, A.R. Andrews, J. Chromatogr. A 911, 97 (2001)
P.R. DaSilva, L.C.S. Sena, R.P.L. Silva, D.C.A.S. de Santana, F.J.M. de Santana, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 411, 3447 (2019)
J. Takitane, V. Leyton, G. Andreuccetti, H. Gjerde, V. Vindenes, T. Berg, Forensic Sci. Int. 289, 165 (2018)
T. Rosado, E. Gallardo, D.N. Vieira, M. Barroso, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 412, 7963 (2020)
D.V.M. Sousa, F.V. Pereira, C.C. Nascentes, J.S. Moreira, V.H.M. Boratto, R.M. Orlando, Talanta 208, 120353 (2020)
T. Bouvarel, N. Delaunay, V. Pichon, Anal. Chim. Acta 1096, 89 (2020)
N. Fernández, L.M. Cabanillas, N.M. Olivera, P.N. Quiroga, Drug Test. Anal. 11, 361 (2019)
M. Lima, C. Oliveira, E. Diniz, M. Yonamine, J. Chromatogr. B 957, 14 (2014)
G. Mafra, L. Birk, C. Scheid, S. Eller, R. Brognoli, T.F. de Oliveira, E. Carasek, J. Merib, J. Chromatogr. A 1621, 461088 (2014)
Y. Yamini, S. Seidi, A. Pourali, M. Rezazadeh, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 12, 503 (2015)
S. Seidi, L. Alavi, A. Jabbari, M. Shanehsaz, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 16, 1007 (2019)
K.S. Hasheminasab, A.R. Fakhari, Anal. Chim. Acta 767, 75 (2013)
N. Drouin, P. Kubáň, S. Rudaz, S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, J. Schappler, TrAC—Trends Anal. Chem. 113, 357 (2019)
C. Huang, Z. Chen, A. Gjelstad, S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, X. Shen, TrAC—Trends Anal. Chem. 95, 47 (2017)
S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, K.E. Rasmussen, J. Chromatogr. A 1109, 183 (2006)
S. Shahrokhian, M. Hafezi Kahnamoui, R. Salimian, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 15, 1485 (2018)
H. Eskandarian, L. Sheikhian, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 18, 1657 (2021)
L.M. Ravelo-Pérez, A.V. Herrera-Herrera, J. Hernández-Borges, M.Á. Rodríguez-Delgado, J. Chromatogr. A 1217, 2618 (2010)
M. Trojanowicz, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 25, 480 (2006)
K.S. Hasheminasab, A.R. Fakhari, J. Chromatogr. A 1378, 1 (2015)
J.-X. Wang, D.-Q. Jiang, Z.-Y. Gu, X.-P. Yan, J. Chromatogr. A 1137, 8 (2006)
A.V. Herrera-Herrera, L.M. Ravelo-Pérez, J. Hernández-Borges, M.M. Afonso, J.A. Palenzuela, M.Á. Rodríguez-Delgado, J. Chromatogr. A 1218, 5352 (2011)
K.S. Hasheminasab, A.R. Fakhari, M.H. Koruni, J. Sep. Sci. 37, 85 (2014)
M. Balchen, L. Reubsaet, S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, J. Chromatogr. A 1194, 143 (2008)
S. Nojavan, A.R. Fakhari, J. Sep. Sci. 33, 3231 (2010)
T.M. Middelthon-Bruer, A. Gjelstad, K.E. Rasmussen, S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, J. Sep. Sci. 31, 753 (2008)
Funding
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this research by the Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sahragard, A., Fakhari, A.R., Hasheminasab, K.S. et al. Application of carbon nanotubes assisted electromembrane extraction technique followed with capillary electrophoresis for sensitive determination of cocaine in wastewater and biological samples. J IRAN CHEM SOC 20, 37–46 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-022-02642-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-022-02642-4