Abstract
The associations between petal pigments and scent compounds of Rosa hybrida were determined in eight commercial cultivars with different petal-colors, visually classified as four petal-color groups: ‘Beast’ and 'Marilyn Monroe' in white (W), ‘Good Time’ and ‘Penny Lane’ in yellow (Y), ‘Ahoi’ and ‘Pink Condor’ in pink (P), and ‘Pearl Red’ and ‘Vital’ in red (R). The petal pigments were distinct by visual petal color polymorphs. Yellow petals contained only carotenoids and unusually large amounts of β-carotenes as their primary pigments, whereas white ones included minimal levels of carotenoids. As expected, pink and red flowers had cyanin as the major anthocyanin. The amount of cyanin in petals was significantly higher in the red petals. Unlike petal pigments, the scents were abundant in white and yellow flowers, containing both phenolic and terpene compounds. The pink and red flowers, on the other hand, were scented with only phenolics as represented by 2-phenylethanol and 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, which existed in all eight cultivars. The amount of detected scent was up to six times higher in the white or yellow flowers than in the pink or red ones. A principal component analysis (PCA) with all detected pigments and scents resulted in classifying eight cultivars as three independent groups: (GI) ‘Beast’, (GII) ‘Good Time’, ‘Penny Lane’, and ‘Marilyn Monroe’, and (GIII) ‘Ahoi’, ‘Pink Condor’, ‘Pearl Red’, and ‘Vital’. ‘Marilyn Monroe’ (W) belonged to GII with yellow cultivars, not to GI with ‘Beast’ (W). The PCA coordinates of pink and red cultivars were so close that they belonged to the same group, GIII. With this information, we know that rose petal colors may differ in terms of their pigment and scent profiles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alsters PL, Jary W, Nardello-Rataj V, Aubry JM (2010) “Dark” singlet oxygenation of β-citronellol: A key step in the manufacture of rose oxide. Organic Process Res Dev 14:259–262. https://doi.org/10.1021/op900076g
Arista M, Talavera M, Berjano R, Ortiz PL (2013) Abiotic factors may explain the geographical distribution of flower colour morphs and the maintenance of colour polymorphism in the scarlet pimpernel. J Ecol 101:1613–1622. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12151
Baldermann S, Yang Z, Sakai M, Fleischmann P, Watanabe N (2009) Volatile constituents in the scent of roses. Floricult Ornam Biotechnol 3:89–97
Bergougnoux V, Caissard JC, Jullien F, Magnard JL, Scalliet G, Cock JM, Hugueney P, Baudino S (2007) Both the adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers of the rose petal emit volatile scent compounds. Planta 226:853–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-007-0531-1
Biolley J, Jay M, Viricel M (1994) Flavonoid diversity and metabolism in 100 Rosa x hybrida varieties. Phytochemistry 35:413–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94773-3
Chen G, Gong W, Ge J, Dunn BL, Sun W (2014) Inflorescence scent, color, and nectar properties of “butterfly bush” (Buddleja davidii) in its native range. Flora 209:172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2014.02.003
Chen X, Baldermann S, Cao S, Lu Y, Liu C, Hirata H, Watanabe N (2015) Developmental patterns of emission of scent compounds and related gene expression in roses of the cultivar Rosa x hybrida cv. ‘Yvs Piaget’. Plant Physiol Biochem 87:109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.12.016
Cherri-Martin M, Jullien F, Heismann P, Baudino S (2007) Fragrance heritability in Hybrid Tea roses. Sci Hortic 113:177–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.03.002
Delle-Vedove R, Juillet N, Bessière JM, Grison C, Barthes N, Pailler T, Dormont L, Schatz B (2011) Colour-scent associations in a tropical orchid: three colours but two odours. Phytochemistry 72:735–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.005
De Vries DP, Van Keulen HA, De Bruyn JW (1974) Breeding research on rose pigments. 1. The occurrence of flavonoids and carotenoids in rose petals. Euphytica 23:447–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00035892
Dormont L, Delle-Vedove R, Bessière JM, Schatz B (2014) Floral scent emitted by white and coloured morphs in orchids. Phytochemistry 100:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.009
Dudareva N, Pichersky E (2000) Biochemical and molecular genetic aspects of floral scent. Plant Physiol 122:627–633. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.122.3.627
Effmert U, Große J, Röse USR, Ehrig F, Kägi R, Piechulla B (2005) Volatile composition, emission pattern, and localization of floral scent emission in Mirabilis jalapa (Nyctaginaceae). American J of Botany 92:2–12
Elgimabi MENE (2011) Vase life extension of rose cut flowers (Rosa hybrida) influenced by silver nitrate and sucrose pulsing. Amer J Agric Biol Sci 6:128–133. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2011.128.133
Ferrante A, Vernieri P, Tognoni F, Serra G (2006) Changes in abscisic acid and flower pigments during floral senescence of petunia. Biol Plant 50:581–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-006-0091-4
Forkmann G (1991) Flavonoids as flower pigments: the formation of the natural spectrum and is extension by genetic engineering. Plant Breeding 106:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1991.tb00474.x
Galpaz N, Ronen G, Khalfa Z, Zamir D, Hirschberg J (2006) A chromoplast-specific carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is revaled by cloning of the tomato white-flower Locus. Plant Cell 18:1947–1960. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.039966
Guterman I, Shalit M, Menda N, Piestun D, Darny-Yelin M, Shalev G, Bar E, Davydov O, Ovadis M, Emanuel M, Wang J, Adam Z, Pichersky E, Lewinsohn E, Zamir D, Vainstein A, Weiss D (2002) Rose scent: genomics approach to discovering novel floral fragrance-related genes. Plant Cell 14:2325–2338. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.005207
Heidari P, Rezaei M, Sahebi M, Khadivi A (2019) Phenotypic variability Pyrus boissieriana Buhse: implications for conservation and breeding. Sci Hortic 247:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.11.075
Huang FG, Horváth G, Molnár P, Turcsi E, Deli J, Schrader J, Sandmann G, Schmidt H, Schwab W (2009) Substrate promiscuity of RdCCD1, a carotenoid cleavage oxygenase from Rosa damascena. Phytochemistry 70:457–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.01.020
Joichi A, Yomogida K, Awano K, Ueda Y (2005) Volatile components of tea-scented modern roses and ancient Chinese roses. Flavour Fragr J 20:152–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1388
Kim HK, Chun JH, Kim SJ (2015) Method development and analysis of carotenoid composition in various tomatoes. Korean J Environ Agric 34:196–203. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2015.34.3.23
Koslitz S, Renaud L, Kohler M, Wüst M (2008) Stereoselective formation of the varietal aroma compound rose oxide during alcoholic fermentation. J Agric Food Chem 56:1371–1375. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf072518t
Lee SK, Kim WS (2015) Floral pigmentation and expression of anthocyanin-related genes in bicolored roses ‘Pinky Girl’ as affected by temporal heat stress. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 33:923–931. https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.2015.15077
Lee SY, Cheon KS, Kim SY, Shin JY, Lee YA, Ramya MR, Kang YI, Park PM, An HR (2017) Functional expression of flavonoid 3’5’-hydroxylase (F3’5’H) gene isolated from Clematis patens in Petunia. Flower Res J 25:246–252. https://doi.org/10.11623/frj.2017.25.4.09
Longo L, Vasapollo G (2005) Anthocyanins from bay (Laurus nobilis L.) berries. J Agric Food Chem 53:8063–8067. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051400e
Maffei ME (2010) Sites of synthesis, biochemistry and functional role of plant volatiles. South African J Botany 76:612–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.03.003
Magnard JL, Roccia A, Caissard JC, Vergne P, Sun P, Hecquet R, Dubois A, Oyant LHS, Jullien F, Nicolè F, Raymond O, Huguet S, Baltenweck R, Meyer S, Claudel P, Jeauffre J, Rohmer M, Foucher F, Hugueney P, Bendahmane M, Baudino S (2015) Biosynthesis of monoterpene scent compounds in roses. Science 349:81–83. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0696
Majetic CJ, Rausher MD, Raguso RA (2010) The pigment-scent connection: do mutations in regulatory vs. structural anthocyanin genes differentially alter floral scent production in Ipomoea purpurea? South African J Botany 76:632–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.07.006
Nedkov N, Dobreva A, Kovacheva N, Bardarov V, Velcheva A (2009) Bulgarian rose oil of white oil-bearing rose. Bulgarian J Agric Sci 15:318–322
Ômura H, Honda K (2005) Priority of color over scent during flower visitation by adult Vanessa indica butterflies. Oecologia 142:588–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1761-6
Park HB, Kim WS (2019) Applying the shoot growth model to cut roses grown at high temperature. Flower Res J 27:1–8. https://doi.org/10.11623/frj.2019.27.1.01
Roberts AV, Debener T, Gudin S (2003) Encyclopedia of rose science. Academic press, Spain
Ruíz-Ramón F, Águila DJ, Egea-Cortines M, Weiss J (2014) Optimization of fragrance extraction: daytime and flower age affect scent emission in simple and double narcissi. Ind Crops Prod 52:671–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.11.034
Scalliet G, Piola F, Douady CJ, Réty S, Raymond O, Baudino S, Bordji K, Bendahmane M, Dumas C, Cock JM, Hugueney P (2008) Scent evolution in Chinese roses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:5927–5932. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711551105
Schmitzer V, Veberic R, Osterc G, Stampar F (2010) Color and phenolic content changes during flower development in groundcover rose. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 135:195–202
Schwab W, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Lewinsohn E (2008) Biosynthesis of plant-derived flavor compounds. The Plant J 54:712–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03446.x
Simkin AJ, Underwood BA, Auldridge M, Loucas HM, Shibuya K, Schmelz E, Clark DG, Klee HJ (2004) Circadian regulation of the PhCCD1 carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase controls emission of β-ionone, a fragrance volatile of petunia flowers. Plant Physiol 136:3504–3514. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.049718
Sun Y, Wang W, Zhao L, Zheng C, Ma R (2019) Changes in volatile organic compounds and differential expression of aroma-related genes during flowering of Rosa rugosa ‘Shanxian’. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 60:741–751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-019-00166-0
Tholl D, Gershenzon J (2015) The flowering of a new scent pathway in rose. Science 349:28–29. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac6509
Zhu C, Bai C, Sanahuja G, Yuan D, Farré G, Naqvi S, Shi L, Capell T, Christou P (2010) The regulation of carotenoid pigmentation in flowers. Archives Biochem Biophysics 504:132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.028
Zuker A, Tzfira T, Ben-Meir H, Ovadis M, Shklarman E, Itzhaki H, Forkmann G, Martens S, Neta-Sharir I, Weiss D, Vainstein A (2002) Modification of flower color and fragrance by antisense suppression of the flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene. Mol Breeding 9:33–41. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019204531262
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the 2018 Research Fund of the University of Seoul.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
JYY carried out the overall data analysis in this study. WSK was in charge of the design and management of all experiments and finalized the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors confirm that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by So-Young Park, Ph.D.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yeon, J.Y., Kim, W.S. Floral pigment-scent associations in eight cut rose cultivars with various petal colors. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 61, 633–641 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-020-00249-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-020-00249-3