Abstract
As consumption of the Earth’s finite resources continues to increase, significant stress is placed on the global economy, including the depletion of critical minerals and environmental pollution. One of the proposals to address this future scarcity is to exploit resources from near-Earth objects (NEOs), such as asteroids. The right NEOs could provide enormous quantities of resources, including platinum group metals (PMGs), for companies involved in this industry. However, the current technologies and equipment used to extract metals from the Earth are not suitable due to the difference in gravity on asteroids and new technologies must be developed to enable successful mineral extraction on NEOs. Several companies and startups have been creating prospecting technologies during the past years to make asteroid mining a reality. This paper provides a bibliographic overview of the major players operating in the global asteroid and Earth mining market. It compares terrestrial mining technologies and asteroid mining R&D projects, and discusses the Earth mining industry’s conservative vision for investing in R&D. Space mining is an embryonic industry. There is significant potential to extract critical minerals from NEOs, however the economic feasibility remains uncertain due to the low level of maturity in the required technologies. Despite significant advances in the past 20 years, it is clear that space mining remains a very high risk business activity.
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Notes
According to previous estimates done by the company Planetary Resources in 2016, a single platinum-rich 500 m wide asteroid contains about 174 times the yearly world output of platinum, and 1.5 times the known world-reserves of PGM (Hellgren 2016). Our estimation could slightly differ with Planetary Resources due to assumptions considered for the variables like density and PGM concentration.
There are other companies developing space technologies. Not all are specific to PGMs, but they are equivalent to MoonExpress Technologies. Some of them include Element Robotics, Astrobotic, Lunar Outpost, Intuitive Machines and Firefly Aerospace.
Karman + lahjoitus Asteroid research.
Research has developed various power generation, conversion, and transmission concepts, including the reference design, which converts solar power into electricity via photovoltaic cells and transmits it wirelessly to Earth's rectennas (European Space Agency 2022).
The business plan for the Khepri Project is to use the water mined from Bennu and convert it into fuel, then sell it at an orbital gas station. Several assumptions about market, pricing, and government cooperation were made during the plan. If these assumptions are true, the project offers potential future opportunities using the technology and infrastructure developed during the Khepri project.
Over the past decade, Rio Tinto has developed and integrated autonomous trucks, drills, and machine learning into its Australian operations, utilizing real-time data analytics for productivity and safety (International Space Exploration Coordination Group 2021). Therefore, these technologies could be used in space mining.
Currently, Rio Tinto is member of the Australian Remote Operations for Space and Earth organization, to support the development of new flowsheets for critical minerals (Rio Tinto 2022). Moreover, this company has been collaborating with the Australian Space Agency, on how its mining technology can be used to extract resources on the moon and other planets. (S&P Global Market Intelligence 2019).
The decline in R&D intensity in the mining and metals industry began in the 1980s (Filippou and King 2011).
The mining sector faces constraints on innovation due to volatile commodity prices, low incentive for investment in knowledge, large upfront investments, and limited linkage among others (Calzada and Iizuka 2020).
R&D expenditure in general does not include mineral exploration expenses (Sánchez and Philipp 2020).
In this context, Rio Tinto boss Sam Walsh said in February 2015 that space mining poses interesting questions and if it can be developed, his company will be there (The Sydney Morning Herald 2015).
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Francisco Ríos designed and managed this review, including objectives and methodology, and developed the conceptual framework of this research. He also wrote the main manuscript text, including the results, discussions and conclusions. Camilo Peña reviewed the state of the art and bibliographic review, improved the manuscript text, and contributed to writing the introduction, discussion and conclusions. José Meza analyzed and evaluated all selected papers for this review and contributed to the results, discussion and conclusions. Tenzin Crouch provided current market and detailed editing of the paper. Finally, all authors reviewed the manuscript, adding their last comments to the final version of this paper.
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Ríos Muñoz, F., Peña Ramírez, C., Meza, J. et al. Platinum Group Metals Extraction from Asteroids vs Earth: An Overview of the Industrial Ecosystems, Technologies and Risks. Miner Econ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-024-00429-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-024-00429-y