Abstract
The calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis due to ethylene glycol treatment has long been observed in male species but the prevalence of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in female species due to ethylene glycol has been still a subject of controversy. Ethylene glycol was administered in drinking water at three different doses (0.4%, 0.75% and 1.0%, v/v) for 28 days in female Wistar rats. Ethylene glycol treatment caused significant decrease in body weight and corresponding increase in relative organ weight with significant hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria and proteinuria as well as increased retention of calcium, oxalate, phosphate and total protein in kidney in a dose — and time — dependent manner. However, calcium level was significantly reduced in the serum while an increase in total protein and phosphate level in serum was observed. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in magnesium level in urine, serum and kidney due to ethylene glycol. The effects were also confirmed in histopathological studies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lockely, D. J., Howes, D. & Williams, F. M. Percutaneous penetration and metabolism of 2-ethoxy ethanol. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 180, 74–82 (2002).
Clay, K. L. & Murphy, R. C. On the metabolic acidosis of ethylene glycol intoxication. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 39, 39–49 (1977).
Tsai, C. H. et al. A traditional Chinese herbal antilithic formula, Wilingsan, effectively prevents the renal deposition of calcium oxalate crystal in ethylene glycolfed rats. Urol. Res. 36, 17–24 (2008).
Khan, S. R. Animal models of kidney stone formation: an analysis. World J. Urol. 15, 236–243 (1997).
Karadi, R. V., Gadge, N. B., Alagawadi, K. R. & Savadi, R. V. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. root-wood on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 105, 306–311 (2006).
Soundararajan, P., Mahesh, R., Ramesh, T. & Begum, V. H. Effect of Aerva lanata on calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 44, 981–986 (2006).
Selvam, R., Kalaiselvi, P., Govindaraj, A., Murugan, V. M. & Satishkumar, A. S. Effect of Aerva lanata leaf extract and Vediuppu chunnam on the urinary risk factors of calcium oxalate urolithiasis during experimental hyperoxaluria. Pharmacol. Res. 43, 89–93 (2001).
Finlayson, B. Calcium stones: some physical and clinical aspects. In: David, D. S. (ed) Calcium metabolism in renal failure and nephrolithiasis. Wiley, New York, 337–382 (1977).
Khan, S. R. & Glenton, P. A. Deposition of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys. J. Urol. 153, 811–817 (1995).
Ringold, S., Tiffany, J. G. & Glass, R. M. Kidney stones. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 293, 1158–1162 (2005).
Parmar, R. K., Kachchi, N. R., Tirgar, P. R., Desai, T. R. & Bhalodiya, P. N. Preclinical evaluation of antiurolithiatic activity of Swertia chirata stems. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 8, 198–202 (2012).
Wientarsih, I., Widyastuti, R. Prasetyo, B. F. & Aldobrata, A. The antilithiasis activity of Avocado leaf ethanol extract (Persea americana Mill) in white Male Rats. Hayati J. Biosci. 19, 49–52 (2012).
Moore, K. L. & Dalley, A. F. Structure of the penis. In: Clinical Oriented Anatomy. Lippincot Williams and Williams; a Woller Klumner Corporation, Philadelphia, USA, 287–299 (1999).
Khan, S. R. & Glenton, P. A. Deposition of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys. J. Urol. 153, 811–817 (1995).
Huang, H. S., Ma, M. C., Chen, C. F. & Chen, J. Lowvitamin E diet exacerbates calcium oxalate crystal formation via enhanced oxidative stress in rat hyperoxaluric kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 296, 34–45 (2009).
Zerwekh, J. E. et al. Modulation by calcium of the inhibitor activity of naturally occurring urinary inhibitors. Kid. Int. 33, 1005–1008 (1988).
Desmars, J. F. & Tawashi, R. Dissolution and growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate. I. Effect of magnesium and pH. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 313, 256–267 (1973).
Scalley, R. D., Ferguson, D. R., Piccaro, J. C., Smart, M. L. & Archie, T. E. Treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Am. Fam. Physician 66, 807–812 (2002).
Betanabhatla, K. S., Christina, A. J. M., Sundar B. S., Selvakumar, S. & Saravanan, K. S. Antilithiatic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. on ethylene glycol-induced lithiasis in rats. Nat. Product Radiance 8, 43–47 (2009).
Divakar, K., Pawar, A. T., Chandrasekhar, S. B., Dighe, S. B. & Divakar, G. Protective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia roots against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48, 1013–1018 (2010).
Reungjui, S. et al. Magnesium status of patients with renal stones and its effect on urinary citrate excretion. British J. Urol. Int. 90, 635–639 (2002).
Gyawali, P. R., Joshi, B. R. & Gurung, C. K. Correlation of calcium, phosphorus, uric acid and magnesium Level in serum and 24 hours urine of patients with urolithiasis. Kathmandu Univ. Med. J. 34, 54–56 (2011).
Yim, T. K., Wu, W. K., Pak, W. F. & Ko, M. Hepatoprotective action of an oleanolic acid enriched extract of Ligustrum lucidum fruits is mediated through an enhancement on hepatic glutathione regeneration capacity in mice. Phytotherapy Res. 15, 589–592 (2001).
Selvam, R. & Kalaiselvi, P. Oxalate binding proteins in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Urol. Res. 31, 242–256 (2003).
Bouanani, S., Henchiri, C., Migianu-Griffoni, E., Aouf, N. & Lecouvey, M. Pharmacological and toxicological effects of Paronychia argentea in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 129, 38–45 (2010).
Khan, S. R. Hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative stress and antioxidants for renal protection. Urol. Res. 33, 349–357 (2005).
Kalaiselvi, P. & Selvam, R. Effect of experimental hyperoxaluria on renal calcium oxalate monohydrate binding proteins in the rat. British J. Urol. Int. 87, 110–116 (2001).
Ballentine, R. & Burford, D. D. Methods in enzymology. Academic Press, New York, USA, 1002 (1957).
Hodgkinson, A. Determination of oxalic acid in biological material. Clin. Chem. 16, 547–557 (1970).
Fiske, C. H. & Subbarow, Y. The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J. Biol. Chem. 66, 375–381 (1925).
Cohen, S. A. & Daza, I. E. Calmagite method for determination of serum magnesium modified. Clin. Chem. 26, 783 (1980).
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. J. Protein measurement with folin-phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265–275 (1951).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saha, S., Verma, R.J. Ethylene glycol induced renal toxicity in female Wistar rats. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 5, 207–214 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-013-0180-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-013-0180-7