Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

MAOA suppresses the growth of gastric cancer by interacting with NDRG1 and regulating the Warburg effect through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

  • Research
  • Published:
Cellular Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

Previous studies have indicated that neurotransmitters play important roles in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. MAOA is an important catecholamine neurotransmitter-degrading enzyme involved in the degradation of norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin. To find a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer, the biological functions of MAOA and the underlying mechanism in gastric cancer need to be explored.

Methods

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, Kaplan‒Meier (KM) plotter were used to identify the differentially expressed genes, which mainly involved the degradation and synthesis enzymes of neurotransmitters in gastric cancer. We also investigated the expression pattern of MAOA in human and mouse tissues and cell lines by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting analysis. Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a Seahorse experiment were used to identify the molecular mechanism of cancer cell glycolysis. MAOA expression and patient survival were analysed in the Ren Ji cohort, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed based on the clinicopathological characteristics of the above samples.

Results

MAOA expression was significantly downregulated in gastric cancer tissue and associated with poor patient prognosis. Moreover, the expression level of MAOA in gastric cancer tissue had a close negative correlation with the SUXmax value of PET-CT in patients. MAOA suppressed tumour growth and glycolysis and promoted cancer cell apoptosis. We also reported that MAOA can interact with NDRG1 and regulate glycolysis through suppression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. MAOA expression may serve as an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer patients.

Conclusions

MAOA attenuated glycolysis and inhibited the progression of gastric cancer through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Loss of function or downregulation of MAOA can facilitate gastric cancer progression. Overexpression of MAOA and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may provide a potential method for gastric cancer treatment in clinical therapeutic regimens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data and materials supporting the conclusions of this study are included within the article and its additional files. The public database for this study can be accessed on the following websites: TCGA database (https://cancergenome.nih.gov/), Gene Expression Omnibus (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and Kaplan Meier‑Plotter website (http://kmplot.com/analysis/index.php?p=service&cancer=gastric).

Abbreviations

TCGA :

The Cancer Genome Atlas

GEO :

Gene Expression Omnibus

KM :

Kaplan‒Meier

ELISA :

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

NE :

Norepinephrine

E :

Epinephrine

MAOA :

Monoamine oxidase A

DBH :

Dopamine β-hydroxylase

MAOB :

Monoamine oxidase B

COMT :

Catechol-O-methyltransferase

IHC :

Immunohistochemistry

RT‒qPCR :

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction

TMA :

Tissue microarray

TNM :

Tumor‑Node‑Metastasis

FFPE :

Formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded

OS :

Overall survival

PCNA :

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

ECAR :

Extracellular acidification rate

OCR :

Oxygen consumption rate

References

  1. H. Sung, J. Ferlay, R.L. Siegel, M. Laversanne, I. Soerjomataram, A. Jemal, F. Bray, Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71(3), 209–249 (2021)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. W. Cao, H.D. Chen, Y.W. Yu, N. Li, W.Q. Chen, Changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China: a secondary analysis of the global cancer statistics 2020. Chin. Med. J. (Engl) 134(7), 783–791 (2021)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. S.S. Joshi, B.D. Badgwell, Current treatment and recent progress in gastric cancer. CA: Cancer J. Clin. 71(3), 264–279 (2021)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. S.M. Gysler, R. Drapkin, Tumor innervation: peripheral nerves take control of the tumor microenvironment. J. Clin. Investig. 131(11), e147276 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. B.W. Renz, R. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, M. Macchini, Y. Hayakawa, Z. Dantes, H.C. Maurer, X. Chen, Z. Jiang, C.B. Westphalen, M. Ilmer, G. Valenti, S.K. Mohanta, A.J.R. Habenicht, M. Middelhoff, T. Chu, K. Nagar, Y. Tailor, R. Casadei, M. Di Marco, A. Kleespies, R.A. Friedman, H. Remotti, M. Reichert, D.L. Worthley, J. Neumann, J. Werner, A.C. Iuga, K.P. Olive, T.C. Wang, beta2 Adrenergic-Neurotrophin Feedforward Loop Promotes Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Cell 33(1), 75-90.e7 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. J. Pundavela, Y. Demont, P. Jobling, L.F. Lincz, S. Roselli, R.F. Thorne, D. Bond, R.A. Bradshaw, M.M. Walker, H. Hondermarck, ProNGF correlates with Gleason score and is a potential driver of nerve infiltration in prostate cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 184(12), 3156–3162 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Tao, J.N. Campbell, L.T. Tsai, C. Wu, S.D. Liberles, B.B. Lowell, Highly selective brain-to-gut communication via genetically defined vagus neurons. Neuron. 109(13), 2106-2115.e4 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. R.A. Travagli, L. Anselmi, Vagal neurocircuitry and its influence on gastric motility. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13(7), 389–401 (2016)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. J. Calam, J.H. Baron, ABC of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Pathophysiology of duodenal and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. BMJ 323(7319), 980–982 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. L.E. Hansson, O. Nyren, A.W. Hsing, R. Bergstrom, S. Josefsson, W.H. Chow, J.F. Fraumeni Jr., H.O. Adami, The risk of stomach cancer in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 335(4), 242–9 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. N.J. Kolla, M. Bortolato, The role of monoamine oxidase A in the neurobiology of aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior: A tale of mice and men. Prog. Neurobiol. 194, 101875 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. R. McDermott, D. Tingley, J. Cowden, G. Frazzetto, D.D. Johnson, Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) predicts behavioral aggression following provocation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(7), 2118–2123 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. R.L. Sjoberg, F. Ducci, C.S. Barr, T.K. Newman, L. Dell’osso, M. Virkkunen, D. Goldman, A non-additive interaction of a functional MAO-A VNTR and testosterone predicts antisocial behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 33(2), 425–430 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. L. Passamonti, F. Fera, A. Magariello, A. Cerasa, M.C. Gioia, M. Muglia, G. Nicoletti, O. Gallo, L. Provinciali, A. Quattrone, Monoamine oxidase-a genetic variations influence brain activity associated with inhibitory control: new insight into the neural correlates of impulsivity. Biol. Psychiatry 59(4), 334–340 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Li, X.M. Yang, Y.H. Wang, M.X. Feng, X.J. Liu, Y.L. Zhang, S. Huang, Z. Wu, F. Xue, W.X. Qin, J.R. Gu, Q. Xia, Z.G. Zhang, Monoamine oxidase A suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by inhibiting the adrenergic system and its transactivation of EGFR signaling. J. Hepatol. 60(6), 1225–1234 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Y. Wang, S. Wang, Q. Yang, J. Li, F. Yu, E. Zhao, Norepinephrine Enhances Aerobic Glycolysis and May Act as a Predictive Factor for Immunotherapy in Gastric Cancer. J. Immunol. Res. 2021, 5580672 (2021)

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Y. Wang, S. Wang, C. Zhu, H. Cao, Z. Zhang, E. Zhao, The Association Between Immune Characteristic and Clinical Pathology in Chinese Patients with Adenocarcinoma of Esophagogastric Junction. Cancer Manag. Res. 12, 3259–3269 (2020)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Y. Wang, E. Zhao, Z. Zhang, G. Zhao, H. Cao, Association between Tim3 and Gal9 expression and gastric cancer prognosis. Oncol. Rep. 40(4), 2115–2126 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. S.H. Jiang, J. Li, F.Y. Dong, J.Y. Yang, D.J. Liu, X.M. Yang, Y.H. Wang, M.W. Yang, X.L. Fu, X.X. Zhang, Q. Li, X.F. Pang, Y.M. Huo, J. Li, J.F. Zhang, H.Y. Lee, S.J. Lee, W.X. Qin, J.R. Gu, Y.W. Sun, Z.G. Zhang, Increased Serotonin Signaling Contributes to the Warburg Effect in Pancreatic Tumor Cells Under Metabolic Stress and Promotes Growth of Pancreatic Tumors in Mice. Gastroenterology 153(1), 277–291 (2017)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Wei, L. Yin, J. Li, J. Wang, T. Pu, P. Duan, T.P. Lin, A.C. Gao, B.J. Wu, Bidirectional Cross-talk between MAOA and AR Promotes Hormone-Dependent and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Can. Res. 81(16), 4275–4289 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Li, T. Pu, L. Yin, Q. Li, C.P. Liao, B.J. Wu, MAOA-mediated reprogramming of stromal fibroblasts promotes prostate tumorigenesis and cancer stemness. Oncogene 39(16), 3305–3321 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. L. Chen, L. Guo, Z. Sun, G. Yang, J. Guo, K. Chen, R. Xiao, X. Yang, L. Sheng, Monoamine Oxidase A is a Major Mediator of Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Glycolysis in Gastric Cancer Progression. Cancer Manag. Res. 12, 8023–8035 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. M.V. Liberti, J.W. Locasale, The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? Trends Biochem. Sci. 41(3), 211–218 (2016)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. V. Fresquet, M.J. Garcia-Barchino, M. Larrayoz, J. Celay, C. Vicente, M. Fernandez-Galilea, M.J. Larrayoz, M.J. Calasanz, C. Panizo, A. Junza, J. Han, C. Prior, P. Fortes, R. Pio, J. Oyarzabal, A. Martinez-Baztan, B. Paiva, M.J. Moreno-Aliaga, M.D. Odero, X. Agirre, O. Yanes, F. Prosper, J.A. Martinez-Climent, Endogenous Retroelement Activation by Epigenetic Therapy Reverses the Warburg Effect and Elicits Mitochondrial-Mediated Cancer Cell Death. Cancer Discov. 11(5), 1268–1285 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. A.S. Alzahrani, PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in cancer: At the bench and bedside. Semin. Cancer Biol. 59, 125–132 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. J. Polivka Jr., F. Janku, Molecular targets for cancer therapy in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Pharmacol. Ther. 142(2), 164–175 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Y. Zhang, P. Kwok-Shing Ng, M. Kucherlapati, F. Chen, Y. Liu, Y.H. Tsang, G. de Velasco, K.J. Jeong, R. Akbani, A. Hadjipanayis, A. Pantazi, C.A. Bristow, E. Lee, H.S. Mahadeshwar, J. Tang, J. Zhang, L. Yang, S. Seth, S. Lee, X. Ren, X. Song, H. Sun, J. Seidman, L.J. Luquette, R. Xi, L. Chin, A. Protopopov, T.F. Westbrook, C.S. Shelley, T.K. Choueiri, M. Ittmann, C. Van Waes, J.N. Weinstein, H. Liang, E.P. Henske, A.K. Godwin, P.J. Park, R. Kucherlapati, K.L. Scott, G.B. Mills, D.J. Kwiatkowski, C.J. Creighton, A Pan-Cancer Proteogenomic Atlas of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Alterations. Cancer Cell 31(6), 820-832.e3 (2017)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Liu, C. Pan, L. Guo, M. Wu, J. Guo, S. Peng, Q. Wu, Q. Zuo, A new mechanism of trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer: MACC1 promotes the Warburg effect via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. J. Hematol. Oncol. 9(1), 76 (2016)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. E.S. Villodre, X. Hu, B.L. Eckhardt, R. Larson, L. Huo, E.C. Yoon, Y. Gong, J. Song, S. Liu, N.T. Ueno, S. Krishnamurthy, S. Pusch, D. Tripathy, W.A. Woodward, B.G. Debeb, NDRG1 in Aggressive Breast Cancer Progression and Brain Metastasis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 114(4), 579–591 (2022)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. K.C. Park, J. Paluncic, Z. Kovacevic, D.R. Richardson, Pharmacological targeting and the diverse functions of the metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, in cancer. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 157, 154–175 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. L. Mi, F. Zhu, X. Yang, J. Lu, Y. Zheng, Q. Zhao, X. Wen, A. Lu, M. Wang, M. Zheng, J. Ji, J. Sun, The metastatic suppressor NDRG1 inhibits EMT, migration and invasion through interaction and promotion of caveolin-1 ubiquitylation in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncogene 36(30), 4323–4335 (2017)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. M. Wei, Y. Zhang, X. Yang, P. Ma, Y. Li, Y. Wu, X. Chen, X. Deng, T. Yang, X. Mao, L. Qiu, W. Meng, B. Zhang, Z. Wang, J. Han, Claudin-2 promotes colorectal cancer growth and metastasis by suppressing NDRG1 transcription. Clin. Transl. Med. 11(12), e667 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. E.S. Villodre, Y. Gong, X. Hu, L. Huo, E.C. Yoon, N.T. Ueno, W.A. Woodward, D. Tripathy, J. Song, B.G. Debeb, NDRG1 Expression Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Inflammatory Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 12(12), 3711 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Weiler, J. Blaes, S. Pusch, F. Sahm, M. Czabanka, S. Luger, L. Bunse, G. Solecki, V. Eichwald, M. Jugold, S. Hodecker, M. Osswald, C. Meisner, T. Hielscher, P. Rubmann, P.N. Pfenning, M. Ronellenfitsch, T. Kempf, M. Schnolzer, A. Abdollahi, F. Lang, M. Bendszus, A. von Deimling, F. Winkler, M. Weller, P. Vajkoczy, M. Platten, W. Wick, mTOR target NDRG1 confers MGMT-dependent resistance to alkylating chemotherapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111(1), 409–414 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Z. Kovacevic, S. Chikhani, G.Y. Lui, S. Sivagurunathan, D.R. Richardson, The iron-regulated metastasis suppressor NDRG1 targets NEDD4L, PTEN, and SMAD4 and inhibits the PI3K and Ras signaling pathways. Antioxid. Redox Signal 18(8), 874–887 (2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. K.M. Dixon, G.Y. Lui, Z. Kovacevic, D. Zhang, M. Yao, Z. Chen, Q. Dong, S.J. Assinder, D.R. Richardson, Dp44mT targets the AKT, TGF-beta and ERK pathways via the metastasis suppressor NDRG1 in normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells. Br. J. Cancer 108(2), 409–419 (2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. A.Y. Wu, Y. Hu, W. Cang, D. Li, W.J. Wang, Q. Tian, L.Y. Gu, N. Zhang, F. Ji, L.H. Qiu, Suppressive effect of microRNA-449a on the NDRG1/PTEN/AKT axis regulates endometrial cancer growth and metastasis. Exp. Cell Res. 382(2), 111468 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. X. Dai, Y. Fu, Y. Ye, Increased NDRG1 expression suppresses angiogenesis via PI3K/AKT pathway in human placental cells. Pregnancy Hypertens 21, 106–110 (2020)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. J.B. Wu, L. Yin, C. Shi, Q. Li, P. Duan, J.M. Huang, C. Liu, F. Wang, M. Lewis, Y. Wang, T.P. Lin, C.C. Pan, E.M. Posadas, H.E. Zhau, L.W.K. Chung, MAOA-Dependent Activation of Shh-IL6-RANKL Signaling Network Promotes Prostate Cancer Metastasis by Engaging Tumor-Stromal Cell Interactions. Cancer Cell 31(3), 368–382 (2017)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Xue-Li Zhang, Dr. Dong-Xue Li, Dr. Lei Zhu, Dr. Lin-Li Yao, Dr. Yan-Li Zhang, Dr. Hui-Zhen Nie, Dr. Xiao-Mei Yang for assistance with our experiments. We also would like to thank members of the Department of Pathology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Shanghai, China) for providing assistance.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (ID 82103348, to Y.-Y. Wang; ID 82073023, 81871923, to J. Li; ID 82002485, to Q. Li; ID 82103357, to L.-P. Hu), the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission—Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support (ID 20191809, to J. Li), Shanghai Sailing Program (ID 21YF1445200, to L.-P. Hu), Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (ID 21ZR1461300, to L.-P. Hu).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Yang-Yang Wang, Yao-Qi Zhou, Jia-Xuan Xie and Xiang Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China

    Yang-Yang Wang, Shu-Chang Wang, Jia Xu, Hui Cao & En-Hao Zhao

  2. State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Yang-Yang Wang, Yao-Qi Zhou, Jia-Xuan Xie, Xiang Zhang, Qing Li, Li-Peng Hu, Shu-Heng Jiang & Jun Li

  3. Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan

    Shuang-Qin Yi

Authors
  1. Yang-Yang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yao-Qi Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jia-Xuan Xie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiang Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shu-Chang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Qing Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Li-Peng Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Shu-Heng Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Shuang-Qin Yi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Jia Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Hui Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. En-Hao Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Jun Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Y.-Y.W. and J.L. designed and supervised the overall study, analyzed data, and drafted the manuscript. Y.-Y.W., Y.-Q.Z., J.-X.X. and X.Z. performed immunohistochemical staining of gastric cancer and normal tissues, quantitative realtime PCR and Western blotting. Q.L., L.-P.H., S.-H.J. and S.-Q.Y. technically assisted with experiments and analyzed data. S.-C.W. Collected patient data and handled patient follow-up. J.X., H.C. and E.-H.Z. provided human gastric cancer and normal tissues. J.L. and Y.-Y.W. supervised this study and edited the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jia Xu, Hui Cao, En-Hao Zhao or Jun Li.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Written informed consent was obtained from all enrolled patients prior to their inclusion in the study, and the studies were conducted in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki ethical guidelines. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 587 KB)

Supplementary file1 (PDF 181 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, YY., Zhou, YQ., Xie, JX. et al. MAOA suppresses the growth of gastric cancer by interacting with NDRG1 and regulating the Warburg effect through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cell Oncol. 46, 1429–1444 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-023-00821-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-023-00821-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation