Abstract
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), one of the most important building blocks, has attracted tremendous concerns, and the routes for FDCA synthesis from non-edible hemicellulose are of vital importance from the views of the circular economy. Herein, a multistep process towards hemicellulose-to-FDCA conversion is proposed, including hemicellulose-to-furfural conversion and sequential oxidation to furoic acid (FA), following with cesium furoate (FA-Cs) preparation and its direct carboxylation with carbon dioxide (CO2). The overall conversion yield of the targeted FDCA product towards the hemicellulose-to-FDCA pathway reaches 29.6%. Many efforts are made on the direct carboxylation reaction of FA-Cs with CO2 using Cs2CO3 as a catalyst. Results show that FDCA with 56.47% yield is achieved via direct carboxylation of FA-Cs at 290 °C for 12 h with 40 mL/min of flowing CO2. Different from the previous reports, it is demonstrated that drying methods of FA-Cs show significant effects on the yield and properties of the targeted FDCA product. It is found that the conventional drying method is more suitable than the vacuum drying method. From the putative reaction mechanism, the roles of CO2 and Cs2CO3 are elucidated. CO2 plays a direct role in carboxylation reaction, and excessive Cs2CO3 can deteriorate FDCA yield due to the occurrence of decomposition. Interestingly, biochar generated during carboxylation reaction is a promising potential adsorbent, which can efficiently adsorb methylene blue with a removal rate of 96% and an adsorption amount of 80 mg/g. This present work can provide an integrated strategy for both hemicellulose valorization and CO2 utilization in future.
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Data availability
The data are available upon request from the authors.
Abbreviations
- FDCA:
-
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid
- FA:
-
Furoic acid
- FA-Cs:
-
Cesium furoate
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- PEF:
-
Polyethylene furanoate
- PBF:
-
Polybutylene furanoate
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- 5-HMF:
-
5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde
- FDCC-Cs:
-
Cesium 2,5-furandicarboxylate
- γ-GVL:
-
Gamma-valerolactone
- AC:
-
Activated carbon
- HCl:
-
Hydrochloric acid
- NaOH:
-
Sodium hydroxide
- 2-Me-THF:
-
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran
- Co SAC-N@C:
-
Nitrogen doped cobalt-based single atom catalyst
- RSM:
-
Response surface methodology
- HPLC:
-
High performance liquid chromotagraphy
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- FT-IR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- TGA:
-
Thermal gravimetric analyzer
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
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Funding
This study was financially funded by the National Key Research & Development Plan Project (Grant No. 2022YFB4201801).
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YL (Yun Liu) completed the conceptualization and supervision of the project, prepared the manuscript, and completed the structure analysis of the FDCA product. XW (Xueke Wang) completed the methodology and investigation of FDCA synthesis. MH (Mingyang Hu) finished the investigation of hemicellulose-to-furfural. YY (Yanyan Yu) helped to analyze the structure of the FDCA product and draw some figures.
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Liu, Y., Wang, X., Hu, M. et al. Catalytic conversion of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid production from hemicellulose. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04162-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04162-4