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Green synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of silver and gold nanoparticles using Pandanus canaranus leaf extract on Artemia salina and A549 lung cancer cells

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Abstract

The green route of transition metal nanoparticle (NPs) synthesis by the single-step method has more attraction for multifunctional applications. The study aimed to demonstrate the use of Pandanus canaranus leaf extract, as an apposite substrate for the bio-synthesis of silver (Ag) NPs and Gold (Au) NPs. The UV–Vis spectrum of AgNPs and AuNPs showed an absorption peak at 450 and 520 nm, respectively. FT-IR revealed the respective functional groups (carboxylic acids and phenols) involved in the reduction of Ag + and Au + ions to nanoparticles. The XRD findings confirmed the crystalline nature of Ag and AuNPs with face-centered cubic structures, respectively. SEM images showed spherical and agglomerated morphology. Furthermore, EDX results confirmed the presence of Ag and Au metals. HRTEM images determined the sizes of AgNPs (6.33 to 24.43 nm) and AuNPs (37.44 nm) with spherical morphology. High hatching efficiency and less mortality of Artemia salina nauplii were observed in the treatment of AuNPs (93% and 26%) than AgNPs (91 and 55%). As the concentration of AgNPs and AuNPs increased, the findings of cell viability reduced (36 and 50%) in the lung cancer cells (A549 cells), respectively. The early and late apoptosis induced by the NPs in A549 cells were evidenced through AO/EtBr staining. To sum up, the PCLE-mediated NPs synthesis was very rapid and they significantly induced the apoptosis in A549 cells. With these promising potentials, P. canaranus can progress as a good candidate for cancer therapy.

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Abbreviations

% :

Percentage

°C :

Degree Celsius

µg :

Microgram

µL :

Microliter

µm :

Micrometer

AgNO 3 :

Silver nitrate

AgNPs :

Silver nanoparticles

ANOVA :

Analysis of variance

AO :

Acridine orange

AuNPs :

Gold nanoparticles

cm :

Centimeter

CO 2 :

Carbon-dioxide

DAPI :

4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole

H 2 O :

Water

DLS :

Dynamic light scattering

DMEM :

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium

DMRT :

Duncan’s multiple range test

DNA :

Deoxyribo nucleic acids

EDS :

Energy dispersive studies

ELISA :

Enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay

EtBr :

Ethidium bromide

FBS :

Foetal bovine serum

fcc :

Face centered cubics

FTIR :

Fourier Transform Infra-Red

HAuCl 4 . 3 H 2 O :

Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) trihydrate

IC :

Inhibitory concentration

JCPDS :

Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards

KBr :

Potassium bromide

kV :

KiloVolt

L :

Liter

LC :

Lethal concentration

mg :

Milligram

ml :

Milliliter

mm :

Millimeter

mM :

Millimolar

MTT :

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

mV :

Millivolt

NaOCl :

Sodium hypochlorite

NCCS :

National Centre for Cell Science

NPs :

Nanoparticles

PBS :

Phosphate buffered saline

ppt :

Parts per thousands

RH :

Relative humidity

ROS :

Reactive oxygen species

SEM :

Scanning electron microscopy

SPSS :

Statistical package for the social sciences

HRTEM :

High resolution transmission electron microscopy

UK :

United Kingdom

USA :

United States of America

UV-Vis :

Ultraviolet and visible

XRD :

X-ray diffraction

ZP :

Zeta potential

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the Department of Botany, Periyar University, Salem, for accessing the lab facilities to carry out this research successfully.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India

    Venkatachalam Balamurugan

  2. Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering (SSE), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 602 105, India

    Govindasamy Balasubramani

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  1. Venkatachalam Balamurugan
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Contributions

Venkatachalam Balamurugan: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, visualization, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing.

Govindasamy Balasubramani: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, visualization, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Govindasamy Balasubramani.

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Balamurugan, V., Balasubramani, G. Green synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of silver and gold nanoparticles using Pandanus canaranus leaf extract on Artemia salina and A549 lung cancer cells. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03586-8

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