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Optimization and kinetics of polyphenol recovery from raw mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel using a glycerol-sodium acetate deep eutectic solvent system

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Abstract

Microwave-assisted extraction is a potential clean-energy technology processing raw materials like mango peel into bioactive polyphenolic compounds and using residues as bioenergy (biofuels, heat, and electricity). Mango fruit has been reported as a source of bioactive compounds, although information about their peel is very limited. Generally peels are not used for any commercial purposes, which create a major waste disposal problem, thereby, contributing to pollution. Mangiferin is the main polyphenol in the mango peel in terms of antioxidative capacity. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are fast emerging green extractants. The present investigation intends to develop microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (MADESE) for recovering polyphenolic antioxidants from mango peels. Glycerol:sodium acetate (Gly:SA) provided the highest TPC from mango peel among all the investigated DES systems. In order to evaluate the interactive effects of the three most relevant operating variables, the Box–Behnken design (BBD) matrix and response surface methodology (RSM) were used in the experimental design. The effects of microwave power (150–450 W), time (10–20 min), and liquid to solid ratio (40–60 mLg−1) on TPC of raw mango peels were examined in this study. Most favorable conditions for MADESE were planned by BBD layout, which consisted of 20% water in Gly:SA (3:1, mol/mol) as the extraction solvent, microwave power (440.18 W), time (12.10 min), and liquid to solid ratio (59.99 mLg−1). By employing optimized conditions, recovery of TPC obtained was 155.28 mg GAE g−1 dw, which was higher than other organic solvents like distilled water or 70% (v/v) methanol. Kinetics study revealed that the extraction rate was very slow for Gly:SA DES system due to their higher viscosity. Thus, MADESE-based extraction methods can be applied for extracting bioactive compounds from biomass at industrial level, which has major applications in the areas of food and medicine.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Dr. N. A. Gajbhiye, Senior Scientist (Organic Chemistry), ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat, by providing necessary facilities for HPLC analysis of the samples and help render in analytical determinations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat - 395007, Gujarat, India

    Chandra Bhushan T. Pal & Girirajsinh C. Jadeja

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, S. N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh-394601, Gujarat, India

    Chandra Bhushan T. Pal

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  1. Chandra Bhushan T. Pal
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Contributions

Both the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Chandra Bhushan T. Pal. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Chandra Bhushan T. Pal and review and editing of the manuscript were done by Girirajsinh C. Jadeja. Overall supervision of the work was done by Girirajsinh C. Jadeja. Both the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Girirajsinh C. Jadeja.

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Statement of novelty

Mangifera indica L. is considered to be an important source of many important bioactive compounds like polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, and amino acids, which possess excellent antioxidant and pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antifungal. Mango peel, generally discarded as a byproduct from pulp processing units, is considered to be a rich source of polyphenolic antioxidants with mangiferin being the major compound. Green consumerism resulting from enhanced health awareness and stringent governmental regulations regarding use of synthetic chemicals has paved way for naturally derived antioxidants in food industry. Deep eutectic solvents are fast emerging green extractants. MADESE has a great potential for recovering high value natural antioxidants from mango peel and thus adding enormous value to these wastes. The optimized results obtained herein can be utilized in scaling up this process to an industrial level.

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Pal, C.B.T., Jadeja, G.C. Optimization and kinetics of polyphenol recovery from raw mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel using a glycerol-sodium acetate deep eutectic solvent system. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 2453–2465 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02550-w

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