Abstract
This work was aimed at evaluating the adsorptive properties of glycerine pitch distillate-based activated carbons by zinc chloride activation. A commercial activated carbon derived from petroleum pitch distillate was employed for comparison. Activated carbons were characterized for elemental composition, textural characteristics, and surface chemistry. The adsorption data were analyzed using isotherm and kinetic models, and thermodynamic parameters. The specific surface area of activated carbons is between 50.4 and 804 m2/g. The maximum methylene blue capacity of 368 mg/g is comparable with that of commercial activated carbon. The fitting of adsorption data suggests a monolayer coverage of dye molecules onto activated carbon via chemisorption where a cooperative mechanism of particle diffusion and film diffusion may be the controlling mechanism. The adsorption is spontaneous for potential applications in dye wastewater treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ming-Twang S, Lin-Zhi L, Zaini MAA, Zhi-Yong Q, Pei-Yee AY (2015) Activated carbon for dyes adsorption in aqueous solution. Adv Environ Res 36:217–234
García JR, Sedran U, Zaini MAA, Zakaria ZA (2018) Preparation, characterization, and dye removal study of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(5):5076–5085
Sakamoto T, Zaini MAA, Amano Y, Machida M (2019) Preparation and characterization of activated carbons produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches. TANSO 286:9–13
Yan KZ, Zaini MAA, Arsad A, Nasri NS (2019) Rubber seed shell based activated carbon by physical activation for phenol removal. Chem Eng Trans 72:151–156
Hock PE, Zaini MAA (2018) Activated carbons by zinc chloride activation for dye removal - a commentary. Acta Chim Slov 11(2):99–106
Zaini MAA, Meng TW, Kamaruddin MJ, Setapar SHM, Yunus MAC (2014) Microwave-induced zinc chloride activated palm kernel shell for dye removal. Sains Malaysiana 43(9):1421–1428
Spagnoli AA, Giannakoudakis DA, Bashkova S (2016) Adsorption of methylene blue on cashew nut shell based carbons activated with zinc chloride: the role of surface and structural parameters. J Mol Liq 229:465–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.12.106
Yong KC, Ooi TL, Dzulkefly K, Wan-Yunus WMZ, Hazimah AH (2001) Refining of crude glycerine recovered from glycerol residue by simple vacuum distillation. J Oil Palm Res 13(2):39–44
Merapan K (2015). Glycerine pitch from glycerine concentration process as alternative fuel for boiler operation. Master Dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2009) Utilization of biodiesel waste as a renewable resource for activated carbon: application to environmental problems. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13:2495–2504
Aderemi HB, Zaini MAA, Nasri NS (2018) Adsorbents from the by-product of palm oil refinery for methylene blue removal. Malaysian J Anal Sci 22(4):642–647
Swan NB, Zaini MAA (2019) Adsorption of malachite green and Congo red dyes from water: recent progress and future outlook. Ecol Chem Eng S 26(1):119–132
Aderemi HB, Nasri NS, Zaini MAA (2018) Physicochemical properties of char derived from palm fatty acid distillate. Malaysian J Fundament Appl Sci 14(3):403–406
Kumar R, Chandrashekar N (2014) Fuel properties and combustion characteristics of some promising bamboo species in India. J For Res 25(2):471–476
Angın D (2013) Production and characterization of activated carbon from sour cherry stones by zinc chloride. Fuel 115:804–811
Tang SH, Zaini MAA (2015) Potassium hydroxide activation of activated carbon: a commentary. Carbon Lett 16(4):275–280
Sing et al (1985) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure Appl Chem 57:603–619
Sulaiman NS, Zaini MAA, Arsad A (2020) Evaluation of dyes removal by beta-cyclodextrin adsorbent. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.696
Bernal V, Erto A, Giraldo L, Moreno-Piranjan JC (2017) Effect of solution pH on the adsorption of paracetamol on chemically modified activated carbons. Molecules 22(7):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071032
Boehm HP (2002) Surface oxides on carbon and their analysis: a critical assessment. Carbon 40:145–149
Wongsiriwan U, Noda Y, Song CS, Prasassarakich P, Yeboah Y (2010) Lignocellulosic biomass conversion by sequential combination of organic acid and base treatments. Energy Fuel 24:3232–3238
Mahamad MN, Zaini MAA, Zakaria ZA (2015) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from pineapple waste biomass for dye removal. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 102:274–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.03.009
Islam MA, Sabar S, Benhouria A, Khanday WA, Asif M, Hameed BH (2017) Nanoporous activated carbon prepared from karanj ( Pongamia pinnata ) fruit hulls for methylene blue adsorption. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 74:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.01.016
Zhang XL, Cheng LP, Wu XP, Tang YZ, Wu YC (2015) Activated carbon coated palygorskite as adsorbent by activation and its adsorption for methylene blue. J Environ Sci 33:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.014
Marrakchi F, Auta M, Khanday WA, Hameed BH (2017) High-surface-area and nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbon material from fishery waste for effective adsorption of methylene blue. Powder Technol 321:428–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.08.023
Lee LZ, Zaini MAA (2017) Adsorption properties of cationic rhodamine B dye onto metals chloride-activated castor bean residue carbons. Water Sci Technol 75(4):864–880
Webber TW, Chakkravorti RK (1974) Pore and solid diffusion models for fixed-bed adsorbers. AlChE J 20:228–238
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Prof. Dr. Motoi Machida and Dr. Yoshimasa Amano of Chiba University, Japan, for the gift of commercial petroleum pitch distillate-based activated carbon.
Funding
This study is financially supported by the UTM Research University Grant No. 07G80.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 83 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hock, P.E., Zaini, M.A.A. Zinc chloride–activated glycerine pitch distillate for methylene blue removal—isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 2715–2726 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00828-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00828-5