Abstract
Best estimate probabilities of the incidence of disability are a cornerstone of product development and the control cycle in contemporary life insurance practice. The identification of occupational classes with homogeneous risk profiles is of special interest and tends to be addressed by what are essentially heuristic approaches. This paper looks at the applicability of alternative statistics based methods and suggests the application of tree-based methods to disability data. The interdependencies of influence variables and their impact as risk drivers for disability probabilities are studied. The paper assumes some familiarity with tree-based methods, ideally knowledge of the companion article Olbricht [Eur Actuar J 2:129–147, (2012)].
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bauer M, Krüger R (2009) Berufsunfähigkeitsrisiko in Zeiten schwacher Konjunktur. Versicherungswirtschaft 18:1416–1417
Breiman L, Friedman J, Olshen R, Stone C (1984) Classification and regression trees. Wadsworth, Boca Raton
GDV (2011) Die deutsche Lebensversicherung in Zahlen, 2010/2011. Rundschreiben des GDV, Referenz 2372/2011 vom 04.07.2011
Gerber HU (1997) Life insurance mathematics, 3rd edn. Springer, New York
Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman J (2001) The elements of statistical learning. Springer, New York
Huber PJ (1997) Speculations on the path of statistics. In: Brillinger DR, Fernholz LT, Morgenthaler S (eds) The practice of data analysis. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 175–191
Olbricht W (2012) Tree-based methods: a useful tool for life insurance. Eur Actuar J 2:129–147
Olbricht W, Miller K (1998) Portfolio monitoring: the ‘actuary as controller’. In: Transactions of the 26th International Congress of Actuaries, vol 6. Institute of Actuaries, Great Britain, pp 381–402
R Core Team (2012) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. ISBN: 3-900051-07-0, URL:http://www.R-project.org/
Ripley B (2012) Tree: classification and regression trees. R package version 1.0-33. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tree (date 17.09.2013)
Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (1988) Klassifizierung der Berufe 1988 nach dem Stand vom 1. September 1988. Systematisches und alphabetisches Verzeichnis der Berufsbenennungen, Nürnberg, http://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Navigation/Statistik/Grundlagen/Klassifikation-der-Berufe/KldB1975-1992/KldB1975-1992-Nav.html (date 17.09.2013)
Tukey JW (1962) The future of data analysis. Ann Math Statist 33:1–67
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Cathal Rabbitte for checking the English and for suggesting a number of stylistic improvements and the organizers of the ‘DAV-Herbsttagung 2010’ for the invitation to present part of the material of this paper there. They would also like to thank the participants of the data monitoring pool workshops for the productive and fruitful cooperation. The authors are also grateful to an associate editor and two reviewers for very useful and constructive comments and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bauer, M., Krüger, R. & Olbricht, W. Tree-based methods: an application to disability probabilities. Eur. Actuar. J. 3, 491–513 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13385-013-0081-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13385-013-0081-9