Abstract
We show that every Hankel operator is unitarily equivalent to a pseudo-differential operator of a special structure acting in the space . As an example, we consider integral operators in the space with kernels where is an arbitrary real polynomial of degree . In this case, is a differential operator of the same order . This allows us to study spectral properties of Hankel operators with such kernels. In particular, we show that the essential spectrum of coincides with the whole axis for odd, and it coincides with the positive half-axis for even. In the latter case we additionally find necessary and sufficient conditions for the positivity of . We also consider Hankel operators whose kernels have a strong singularity at some positive point. We show that spectra of such operators consist of the zero eigenvalue of infinite multiplicity and eigenvalues accumulating to and . We find the asymptotics of these eigenvalues.
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1 Introduction
Hankel operators can be defined as integral operators
in the space with kernels that depend on the sum of variables only. We refer to the books [4, 5] for basic information on Hankel operators. Of course is symmetric if . There are very few cases when Hankel operators can be explicitly diagonalized. The most simple and important case was considered by T. Carleman in [2].
Here we study a class of Hankel operators generalizing the Carleman operator. The corresponding kernels are given by the formula
where is an arbitrary polynomial. Hankel operators with such kernels are not bounded unless , but, for real , they can be uniquely defined as self-adjoint operators. We show that the Hankel operator with kernel (1.2) is unitarily equivalent to the differential operator
in the space . Here is the operator of multiplication by the universal function
and the polynomial is determined by . The polynomials and have the same degree, and their coefficients are linked by an explicit formula (see subs. 3.2). In particular, if which yields the familiar diagonalization of the Carleman operator.
Thus the spectral analysis of Hankel operators with kernels (1.2) reduces to the spectral analysis of differential operators which in principle is very well developed. However operators (1.3) are somewhat unusual because the function tends to zero exponentially as so that there is a strong degeneracy at infinity. Nevertheless we describe completely the essential spectrum of differential operators (1.3) under rather general assumptions on the function . We show that if is odd, and if is even. Moreover, it turns out that zero is never an eigenvalue of . In the case of even we also find necessary and sufficient conditions for the positivity of and for the infinitude of its negative spectrum. Of course the same spectral results are true for Hankel operators with kernels (1.2). For real polynomials of first order, our approach yields the explicit diagonalization of Hankel operators . In particular, we show that in this case the spectrum of is absolutely continuous, has multiplicity and covers the whole real line.
Actually, the unitary equivalence of the operators and is quite explicit. Let be the Mellin transform; it is a unitary mapping. Set
where is the gamma function. We show that
Our proof of this identity follows the approach of [6] where general Hankel operators were considered. For an arbitrary , the function in formula (1.3) is a distribution which may be (for example, for finite rank ) very singular. However it is a polynomial for Hankel operators with kernels (1.2) so that is the explicit differential operator in this case.
1.2. Kernels (1.2) are singular at the points and . We also consider another class of kernels which are singular at some point . We assume that
where is the Dirac delta function. It turns out that Hankel operators with such kernels reduce to “differential” operators with the reflection and a shift of the argument.
Spectral properties of Hankel operators with kernels (1.2) and (1.7) are completely different. As discussed in [6], Hankel operators can be sign-definite only for which is of course not true for kernels (1.7). If , then, as shown in [6], the spectrum of consists of three eigenvalues , and of infinite multiplicity each. We shall prove here that for the spectrum of the operator with kernel (1.7) consists of the zero eigenvalue of infinite multiplicity and an infinite number of eigenvalues of finite multiplicities accumulating both at and . Moreover, we shall find the leading term of asymptotics of these eigenvalues.
Recall that a symbol of a Hankel operator with kernel is defined as a function , , such that where is the Fourier transform. Since by the Nehari theorem, Hankel operators with bounded symbols are bounded, the symbols of operators with kernels (1.1) and (1.7) are necessarily unbounded functions. For kernels (1.1) symbols can be constructed by the formula
for and . Thus is a function for with logarithmic singularities at and . For kernels (1.7), the symbol equals
so that it is a function with a power growth and an oscillation as .
1.3. Let us introduce some standard notation. We denote by ,
the Fourier transform. The space of test functions is defined as the subset of the Schwartz space which consists of functions admitting the analytic continuation to entire functions in the complex plane and satisfying bounds
for some and all . We recall (see, e.g., the book [3]) that the Fourier transform and . The dual classes of distributions (continuous antilinear functionals on , and ) are denoted , and , respectively. We use the notation and for the duality symbols in and , respectively. They are linear in the first argument and antilinear in the second argument.
We denote by the Sobolev space of functions defined on an interval ; is the class of -times continuously differentiable functions with compact supports in . We often use the same notation for a function and the operator of multiplication by this function. The letters and (sometimes with indices) denote various positive constants whose precise values are inessential.
Let us briefly describe the structure of the paper. We collect necessary results of [6] in Sect. 2. In Sect. 3 we establish the unitary equivalence of the Hankel operator with kernel (1.2) and differential operator (1.3). Spectral properties of the operators and hence of are studied in Sect. (4). We emphasize that our results on the operator do not require specific assumption (1.4). Finally, Hankel operators with kernels (1.7) are studied in Sect. 5. Our presentation in this section is independent of general results of Sect. 2. On the other hand, it is rather similar to that in Section 6 of [6] where Hankel operators with discontinuous kernels (but not as singular as kernels (1.7) were considered.
2 Hankel and pseudo-differential operators
In this section we show that an arbitrary Hankel operator is unitarily equivalent to a pseudo-differential operator defined by formula (1.3) with a distribution . Our presentation is close to [6], but we here insist upon the unitary equivalence of the operators and .
2.1. Let us consider a Hankel operator defined by equality (1.1) in the space . Actually, it is more convenient to work with sesquilinear forms instead of operators. Let us introduce the Laplace convolution
of functions and . Then
where we write instead of because may be a distribution.
We consider form (2.1) on elements where the set is defined as follows. Put
Then is the unitary operator, and if and only if . Since and , we see that functions and their derivatives satisfy the estimates
for all and . Of course, the set is dense in the space . It is shown in [6] that if , then the function
belongs to the space .
With respect to , we assume that the distribution
is an element of the space . The set of all such will be denoted , that is,
It is shown in [6] that this condition is satisfied for all bounded Hankel operators. Since , the form
is correctly defined for all .
Note that if and the integral
converges for some . In this case the corresponding function (2.3) satisfies the condition
and hence .
2.2. Let us now give the definitions of the - and -functions of a Hankel operator . We formally define
Of course if . We call the -function of a Hankel operator . Formula (2.5) can be rewritten as
where
is the Fourier transform of function (2.3).
Recall that the gamma function is a holomorphic function in the right half-plane and for all . According to the Stirling formula the gamma function tends to zero exponentially as parallel with the imaginary axis. To be more precise, we have
for a fixed and . We also note that and
Since the denominator in (2.6) tends to zero exponentially as , is a “nice” function only under very stringent assumptions on and hence on . Therefore we are obliged to work with distributions which turn out to be very convenient. The Schwartz class is too restrictive for our purposes because of the exponential decay of . Therefore we assume that ; in this case belongs to the same class. Our assumption on means that or equivalently .
Thus we are led to the following
Definition 2.1
Let . The distribution defined by formulas (2.3), (2.6) and (2.7) is called the -function of the Hankel operator (or of its kernel ). Its Fourier transform is called the -function or the sign-function of .
Let the unitary mapping be defined by formula (1.5) where is the Mellin transform. If , then and hence the function . We recall that the function was defined by formula (1.4) and set .
The following result was obtained in [6].
Theorem 2.2
Suppose that , and let be the corresponding -function. Let , . Then and the representation
holds.
Passing in the right-hand side of (2.8) to the Fourier transforms and using that
we obtain
Corollary 2.3
Let be the sign-function of , and let . Then
We note that, formally, the identity (2.8) can be rewritten as relation (1.6) where is the “integral operator” with kernel . To put it differently,
that is, is the pseudo-differential operator defined by the amplitude . We emphasize that in general is a distribution so that formula (2.9) has only a formal meaning. According to relation (1.6) a study of the operator reduces to that of the operator .
2.3. For an arbitrary distribution , we have constructed in the previous subsection its sign-function . It turns out that, conversely, the kernel can be recovered from its sign-function . It is convenient to introduce the distribution
Note that the inclusions and are equivalent. The proof of the following result can be found in [6].
Theorem 2.4
Let , and let be the corresponding sign-function see Definition (2.1). Then can be recovered from function (2.10) by the formula
Formula (2.11) is understood of course in the sense of distributions. We emphasize the mappings as well as its inverse are one-to-one continuous mappings of the space onto itself.
3 Quasi-Carleman and differential operators
3.1. Now we are in a position to consider Hankel operators with kernels defined by formula (1.2) where
is a polynomial with coefficients , . It is easy to see that such operators (they will be denoted by ) are well defined on the set of functions satisfying estimate (2.2) for and some . Indeed, by the Schwarz inequality for an arbitrary , we have the estimate
Let us make the change of variables in the right-hand side and integrate first over . Then using inequality
we see that expression (3.2) is bounded by the integral
which converges if . It follows that for . Moreover, using the Fubini theorem, we see that for if all coefficients are real.
Let us formulate the results obtained.
Lemma 3.1
Let the kernel of a Hankel operator be given by formulas (1.2) and (3.1). Then is well defined on the set , and it is symmetric on if all coefficients are real.
As we shall see below, the operator is essentially self-adjoint (see, e.g., the book [1], for background information on the theory of self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators). The proof of this result as well as our study of spectral properties of the closure of rely on the identity (1.6). We emphasize however that the proof of (1.6) does not require the assumption , . The symmetricity of on the domain is also a consequence of (1.6) so that the direct proof of Lemma (3.1) could be avoided.
3.2. Since kernels (1.2) satisfy condition (2.4) with any , Theorem 2.2 can be directly applied in this case. We only have to calculate the corresponding - and -functions. If , then the function (2.3) equals and its Fourier transform equals
To simplify notation, we set Then function (2.6) equals
where are the binomial coefficients.
It follows that the -function of kernel (1.2), (3.1) is given by the formula
where
It means that the operator acts by formula (1.3) where
Thus for kernels (1.2) the sign-function is the polynomial. Note that according to general formula (2.11), can be recovered from by the equality
Observe that for all . Recall that (the Euler constant) and Therefore we have
and
The following assertion is a particular case of Theorem 2.2.
Theorem 3.2
Let a kernel be defined by formulas (1.2) and (3.1). Let be polynomial (3.4) with coefficients (3.3), and let be differential operator (1.3). Then for all , , the identity
holds.
Note that, for , the identity (3.8) yields the familiar diagonalization of the Carleman operator. Indeed, in this case we have
Therefore the identity (3.8) reads as
where , , is the Mellin transform of .
We emphasize that Theorem 3.2 does not require that the coefficients of be real.
3.3. In view of Theorem 3.2 spectral properties of the Hankel operator are the same as those of the differential operator . Therefore we forget for a while Hankel operators and study differential operators defined by formula (1.3), but we not assume that the function has special form (1.4). We suppose thatand that the coefficients of the polynomialof degreeare real and. Then the operator defined by formula (1.3) on the domain is symmetric in . We emphasize that operators (1.3) require a special study because the function may tend to zero as .
Let us start with the case when and can be standardly reduced by a change of variables and a gauge transformation to the differential operator . We suppose that and
Under this assumption the operator defined by the relation
is unitary and
Recall that . Let the set consist of functions such that . It is easy to see that . Thus we are led to the following assertion.
Lemma 3.3
Suppose that , and condition (3.9) is satisfied. Then the operator is essentially self-adjoint on , and its closure is self-adjoint on the domain . The spectrum of the operator is simple, absolutely continuous, and it coincides with .
Remark 3.4
If both integrals (3.9) are finite, then reduces to the operator on a finite interval. Its deficiency indices equal . If only one of integrals (3.9) is finite, then reduces to the operator on a half-axis. Its deficiency indices equal or .
As a by-product of our considerations, we obtain the following result. It is simple but perhaps was never explicitly mentioned.
Proposition 3.5
Suppose that and . Let the space consist of functions with the norm
Then the set is dense in if and only if condition (3.9) is satisfied.
Proof
Let us make the change of variables
and put
Then
Since if and only if , it remains to use that the set is dense in the Sobole space if and only if and .
Returning to the Hankel operator with kernel (1.2) and using Theorem 3.2 and equality (3.6), we obtain the following result.
Theorem 3.6
Suppose that where and . Then
where is defined by formula (3.10) with , and is function (1.4). The operator is essentially self-adjoint on the set , and it is self-adjoint on the set . The spectrum of the operator is simple, absolutely continuous, and it coincides with .
3.4. Let us pass to the case . We recall that the operator is symmetric in on . Let us use the notation for the same operator considered as a mapping . The operator is defined by the relation
and is given by the same differential expression (1.3) where derivatives are understood in the sense of distributions.
It is also quite easy to construct the operator adjoint to in the space . Let the domain consist of such that . The following assertion is rather standard.
Lemma 3.7
The operator is symmetric on and its adjoint is defined on the domain . For , we have .
Proof
By definition, consists of such that
for all and some ; in this case . Observe that the left-hand sides of (3.11) and (3.12) coincide. If , then (3.12) is satisfied with . Conversely, if (3.12) is satisfied, then
and hence so that .
Under additional assumptions on the operator is symmetric. The proof of this result requires the following auxiliary assertion. Recall that .
Lemma 3.8
Suppose that , , and
Let and let be sufficiently large. Then the operator in defined on functions with compact supports extends to a bounded operator.
Proof
Let . Since
we can suppose that where . We have to check the inequality
on a dense in set of elements with compact supports. Consider where is arbitrary; then . The set of such elements is dense in . Indeed, suppose that
for some and all . Then and hence
Since , it implies that , and the equality implies that because .
For , (3.14) is equivalent to the inequality
Integrating in the second term in the right-hand side by parts and using condition (3.13), we see that
is bounded by
This proves inequality (3.15) if is large enough.
Corollary 3.9
Let be sufficiently large. Then for all , the operator in defined on functions with compact supports extends to a bounded operator.
Proof
The equation has solutions which for large are close to the solutions of the equation . Therefore the roots are simple and as for all . Let us expand the function in a linear combination of the functions and of the constant term (for ). We can apply Lemma 3.8 to every term . The contribution of gives the identity operator.
Recall that according to Lemma 3.7. Below we need additional information on this set. Let us accept the following
Assumption 3.10
The function , , and estimate (3.13) holds.
Lemma 3.11
Let Assumption 3.10 be satisfied. If , then for all and, in particular, . Moreover, the coercitive estimates hold:
Proof
By definition of , we have and hence for all . Observe that . Thus it remains to use Corollary 3.9.
This lemma shows that the set consists of functions such that for all . Now it is easy to check the following assertion.
Lemma 3.12
Under Assumption 3.10 the set is dense in in the graph-norm .
Proof
Let and for . Set . For an arbitrary , we put . Of course as . Set , . We have to show that as or that
Recall that by Lemma 3.11. Therefore
for all and . These relations imply (3.16).
Lemma 3.12 shows that the operator coincides with the closure of the operator . This yields the following assertion.
Theorem 3.13
Let Assumption 3.10 be satisfied. Then the operator defined by formula (1.3) on is essentially self-adjoint. Its closure is self-adjoint on the set and for .
For even, it is also possible to define in terms of the quadratic form
We suppose that ; then the form is positive-definite for a sufficiently large . Similarly to Theorem 3.13, it can be verified that this form defined on admits the closure, and it is closed on the set of functions such that for all . Then the operator can be defined as a self-adjoint operator corresponding to this closed form. Note that .
3.5. Let us return to Hankel operators. We recall that according to Theorem 3.2 the Hankel operator with kernel (1.2) is unitarily equivalent to differential operator (1.3) where is defined by formula (1.4) and is polynomial (3.4) with the coefficients defined by formula (3.3). To be more precise, the operators and are linked by relation (1.6) where is operator (1.5). In particular, we have
Therefore the following result is a direct consequence of Theorem 3.13. Recall that the set consists of functions satisfying estimate (2.2) for and some .
Theorem 3.14
Let kernel be defined by formulas (1.2) and (3.1) where for . The Hankel operator with kernel is essentially self-adjoint on the domain , and its closure is self-adjoint on the domain .
4 Spectral results
Here we study spectral properties of the operators and .
4.1. We recall that the precise definition of the operator was given in Theorem 3.13. The following result relies on a construction of trial functions.
Theorem 4.1
Let Assumption 3.10 be satisfied. Suppose additionally that
and that, for some ,
as . If is odd, then . If is even and , then .
Proof
We shall construct Weyl sequences for all in the case of odd and for all in the case of even . Let , for and for . We set
and
Obviously, we have
Let us calculate
Differentiating exponentials and using definition (4.3) and conditions (4.1), we see that
and
as . Estimating the functions and their derivatives by constants, we find that
Substituting this expression into (4.5), we see that the first term in the right-hand side of (4.6) is cancelled with the second term in the right-hand side of (4.5). This yields the estimate
By virtue of condition (4.2), it follows from (4.4) and (4.7) that
as so that .
Let us discuss condition (4.2). If , it means that
as . Since the integral here can be estimated from below by , this condition is automatically satisfied provided as .
Let . If
then expression (4.2) is estimated by . Hence condition (4.2) is satisfied in this case (for all ). If
then expression (4.2) is estimated by
This expression tends to zero if so that condition (4.2) is again satisfied for such . On the other hand, condition (4.2) can be violated for if tends to zero very rapidly (as , for example).
For the next result, assumptions (4.1) and (4.2) are not necessary.
Proposition 4.2
Let Assumption 3.10 be satisfied. Then is not an eigenvalue of the operator .
Proof
Let for some . Put . Then because . Since , we have . Denote by different roots of the equation . Then
for some polynomials . Observe that all exponentials do not decay at least at one of the infinities. Therefore function (4.8) does not belong to unless all polynomials , , are zeros. It follows that whence .
4.2. Let be even and ; then is semi-bounded from below and according to (3.17) we have
Clearly, if . On the other hand, if for some , then for some interval centered at the point . For every , we choose functions with for all such that if . The functions and according to (4.9) the form
on all non-trivial linear combinations of the functions . This leads to the following result.
Theorem 4.3
Let Assumption 3.10 be satisfied. Suppose that is even and . Then the operator is positive if and only if for all . Moreover, if for some , then the negative spectrum of is infinite.
Let be even and . According to Theorem 4.1, . Let us show that actually we have the equality here. It follows from Theorem 4.3 that for sufficiently large the operator . Thus we have to check that adding the operator does not change the essential spectrum of .
Lemma 4.4
In addition to the assumptions of Theorem 4.3 suppose that as . Then the operator is compact.
Proof
Let a set of functions be bounded in the graph-norm . We have to check that it is compact in the norm . Put . Lemma 3.11 implies that
We have to show that the set is compact in the norm or in because the function is bounded. Since as , the boundedness of the second term in (4.10) shows that the norms of in and can be made arbitrary small uniformly in if is sufficiently large. Observe that on every compact interval, and hence the boundedness of the first term in (4.10) shows that the set is bounded in the Sobolev space . It follows that this set is compact in for all .
Corollary 4.5
For an arbitrary , we have
Putting together this result with Theorem 4.1, we obtain the following assertion.
Theorem 4.6
In addition to the assumptions of Theorem 4.1 suppose that as . If is even and , then
We emphasize that equality (4.11) is due to the condition as . If , then of course where for .
4.3. Theorem 3.2 allows us to reformulate the results of the previous subsections in terms of Hankel operators. We recall that the precise definition of the operator was given in Theorem 3.14. Since function (1.4) satisfies Assumption 3.10 and conditions (4.1), (4.2), the following result is a consequence of Theorems 4.1 and 4.6.
Theorem 4.7
Let kernel be defined by formulas (1.2) and (3.1) where for . Then:
The point is not an eigenvalue of .
If is odd, then .
If is even and , then .
We emphasize that, for , Theorem 3.6 yields a much stronger result.
Apparently the theory of Weyl-Titchmarsh-Kodaira does not apply to operators (1.3) because as . Nevertheless we conjecture that the spectrum of is absolutely continuous up to perhaps a discrete set of eigenvalues. Moreover, we expect that the spectrum of is simple for odd and it has multiplicity for even .
Let be even and ; then is semi-bounded from below. Let us find conditions of the positivity of . Since the operators and are unitarily equivalent, the following result is a direct consequence of Theorem 4.3.
Theorem 4.8
Let kernel be defined by formulas (1.2) and (3.1) where for . Suppose that is even and . Let be polynomial (3.4) with coefficients (3.3). Then the Hankel operator is positive if and only if for all . Moreover, if for some , then the negative spectrum of is infinite.
Theorem 4.8 shows that the positivity of the Hankel operator with kernel (1.2) defined by a polynomial is determined by another polynomial defined by formula (3.4). Of course the condition is stronger than . This follows, for example, from representation (3.5).
In the case , the condition reads as . By virtue of (3.7) it can be rewritten as
Obviously, this condition is stronger than the condition guaranteeing that .
The following assertion is a particular case of Theorem 4.8.
Proposition 4.9
The Hankel operator with kernel
is positive if and only if condition (4.12) is satisfied. Moreover, if , then the negative spectrum of is infinite.
5 Hankel operators with discontinuous kernels
5.1. We here consider Hankel operators with singular kernels defined by formula (1.7). Hankel operators with such kernels are formally symmetric, and we shall see later that they are essentially self-adjoint on . According to (1.1) we have
and for . Formula (5.1) gives us the precise definition of the Hankel operator with distributional kernel (1.7).
Since , it suffices to study the restriction of on the subspace . It is again given by differential expression (5.1) on functions vanishing in a neighborhood of the point . Let us denote by the operator (5.1) in with such domain . Recall that is the Sobolev class. Let the set consist of functions satisfying the boundary conditions
The following assertion defines as a self-adjoint operator.
Lemma 5.1
The operator is symmetric and essentially self-adjoint. Its closure is self-adjoint in on the domain , and it acts by formula (5.1).
Proof
Let us denote by differential operator (5.1) considered as a mapping . Notice that . Integrating by parts and using that , we see that
for all . Observe that the non-integral terms here vanish if both functions and satisfy boundary conditions (5.2). Since for , it follows that if .
Let us construct the adjoint operator . Suppose that for all and some . Choosing first and using again (5.3), we see that and hence . Since , we find that .
For an arbitrary , only the nonintegral terms in (5.3) corresponding to are equal to zero. Therefore it follows from (5.3) that the sum of terms corresponding to is also zero, that is,
Since the numbers are arbitrary, we obtain a system of equations
for numbers . The matrix corresponding to this system consists of elements parametrized by indices . We have for and for . The determinant of this matrix is the product of skew diagonal elements where times the factor . Thus it equals which is not zero. Therefore it follows from (5.4) that necessarily . It means that and for .
Conversely, using again (5.3), we see that for all . It follows that and that the operator is symmetric. Hence the operator is self-adjoint.
We note that zero is not an eigenvalue of the operator . Indeed, after the change of variables the equation reduces to the differential equation of order . Therefore the unique solution of the equation satisfying conditions (5.2) is zero.
5.2. Clearly, is the differential operator of order defined by the formula
on functions in satisfying boundary conditions (5.2) and
Of course the spectrum of the operator consists of positive eigenvalues of multiplicity not exceeding (because the differential equation together with conditions (5.2) has linearly independent solutions). These eigenvalues accumulate to and their asymptotics is given by the Weyl formula. However, to find the asymptotics of eigenvalues of the operator , we have to distinguish its positive and negative eigenvalues. For this reason, it is convenient to introduce an auxiliary operator with symmetric (with respect to the point ) spectrum having the same asymptotics of eigenvalues as .
We define the operator by the same formula (5.1) as but consider it on functions in satisfying the boundary conditions
for odd or
for even. The operator is self-adjoint in the space , and it is determined by the matrix
where . The operator is again given by formula (5.1 on functions in satisfying conditions (5.6) for odd or (5.7) for even at the points and . It follows from representation (5.8) that the spectrum of the operator is symmetric with respect to the point and consists of eigenvalues where are eigenvalues of the operator .
Obviously, the operator is again given by formula (5.1) on functions in satisfying conditions (5.6) for odd or (5.7) for even at the points and . The operator acts in the space according to equality (5.5) and its domain consists of functions such that ; in particular, . If is odd, we have the boundary conditions for . If is even, then equalities (5.7) should be complemented by the boundary conditions
for . Note that conditions (5.7) and (5.9) at the point as well as at the point are linearly independent because .
Let be eigenvalues of the operator enumerated in increasing order with multiplicities taken into account. According to the Weyl formula we have
This yields the asymptotics of eigenvalues of the operator .
Let us now observe that the operators and are self-adjoint extensions of the same symmetric operator with finite deficiency indices . The operator can be defined by formula (5.1) on functions vanishing in some neighbourhoods of the points , and . Therefore the operators and have the same asymptotics of spectra. Thus we have obtained the following result.
Theorem 5.2
Let be the self-adjoint Hankel operator with kernel (1.7). Then . The non-zero spectrum of consists of infinite number of eigenvalues of multiplicities not exceeding such that and . Eigenvalues accumulate to as and have the asymptotics
as . The corresponding eigenfunctions satisfy the equation
and boundary conditions (5.2).
Remark 5.3
In the case we have the explicit formulas
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Communicated by Ari Laptev.
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Yafaev, D.R. Diagonalizations of two classes of unbounded Hankel operators. Bull. Math. Sci. 4, 175–198 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13373-013-0044-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13373-013-0044-0
Keywords
- Hankel operators
- Necessary and sufficient conditions for the positivity
- Essential spectrum
- Quasi-Carleman operators
- Discontinuous kernels
- Asymptotics of eigenvalues