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The Impact of the Composition and Location of Thermal Insulation in the Building Envelope on Energy Consumption in Low-Rise Residential Buildings in Hot Climate Regions

  • Research Article-Civil Engineering
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Abstract

As global temperatures rise as a result of climate change, there is an urgent need to find ways to keep buildings cool without increasing energy demand, especially in the residential sector. This is especially true in hot climate regions, where demand for air-conditioning drives high household electricity consumption rates, and, in some cases, overburdens the energy supply. This study evaluates the impact of thermal insulation type, thickness, and location on reducing the annual energy consumption in a representative low-rise residential building in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, using the DesignBuilder energy simulation tool. The most effective materials and locations are identified, and the life cycle cost model is used to establish the optimum thickness in each location. Reductions in energy demand, CO2 emissions, and cost savings are also calculated, and these are shown to exceed those made by applying current Saudi building standards. The findings reveal that applying the optimal thickness of thermal insulation to the walls and roof of a two-storey villa significantly enhances its thermal performance and reduces total costs, cutting overall energy consumption, and carbon emissions by up to 42.5% compared with the base case model, with a cost savings of 33% over 30 years, life cycle savings of 86.1 USD/m2, and a payback period of 7.98 years. This study demonstrates the positive impacts of thermal insulation from both an environmental and an economic perspective, with the aim of increasing its application. Its findings are immediately applicable in other hot-arid regions, notably other Gulf states, and its focus on the importance of ensuring that building regulations that mandate thermal insulation are properly enforced gives it wider relevance in other climate regions.

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Abbreviations

DWS:

Double wall system

EIFS:

External insulation and finish system

IIFS:

Internal insulation and finish system

HVAC:

Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning

WWR:

Window-to-wall ratio

SEEC:

Saudi Energy Efficiency Centre

SBC:

Saudi Building Code

SEC:

Saudi Electricity Company

SBC602:

Saudi Energy Conservation Code

DB:

DesignBuilder

BPS:

Building performance simulation

BEMs:

Building energy models

FEMP:

Federal Energy Management Program

ASHRAE:

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers

IPVMP:

International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol

NMBE:

Normalised mean bias error

CV(RMSE):

Coefficient of variation of the root-mean-square error

R 2 :

Coefficient of determination

XPS:

Polystyrene

PUR:

Polyurethane

SASO:

Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organization

EUI:

Energy use intensity

LCC:

Life cycle cost

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Acknowledgements

The author is thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for funding this work under the Research Priorities and Najran Research funding programme (NU/NRP/SERC/12/6).

Funding

Najran University, NU/NRP/SERC/12/6, Mana Alyami.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia

    Mana Alyami

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Correspondence to Mana Alyami.

Appendices

Appendix 1: External wall constructions for simulation

External wall

No. of layers

Description

System of installation

U-value (W/m2K)

Base case

3

25-mm stucco + 200-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

–

2.146

EW 1-A

4

25-mm stucco + 50-mm XPS (Extruded) + 200-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

EIFS

0.516

EW 1-B

4

25-mm stucco + 100-mm XPS (Extruded) + 200-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

EIFS

0.246

EW 1-C

4

25-mm stucco + 100-mm EPS (Standard) + 200-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

EIFS

0.337

EW 2-A

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 50-mm EPS (standard) + 100-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.507

EW 2-B

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 100-mm EPS (standard) + 100-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.310

EW 2-C

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 50-mm EPS (Standard) + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.481

EW 2-D

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 100-mm EPS (standard) + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.301

EW 3-A

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 50-mm XPS (Extruded) + 100-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.418

EW 3-B

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 100-mm XPS (Extruded) + 100-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.294

EW 3-C

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 50-mm XPS (Extruded) + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.401

EW 3-D

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 100-mm XPS (Extruded) + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.240

EW 4-A

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 50-mm rock wool + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.427

EW 4-B

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 100-mm rock wool + 100-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.266

EW 4-C

5

25-mm stucco + 150-mm concrete hollow block + 100-mm PUR polyurethane rigid board + 100-mm concrete hollow block + 20-mm cement plaster

DWS

0.219

EW 5-A

4

25-mm stucco + 200-mm concrete hollow block + 100-mm XPS (Extruded) + 20-mm plaster

IIFS

0.252

EW 5-B

4

25-mm stucco + 200-mm concrete hollow block + 100-mm rock wool + 20-mm plaster

IIFS

0.273

EW 5-C

4

25-mm stucco + 200-mm concrete hollow block + 100-mm PUR polyurethane rigid board + 20-mm plaster

IIFS

0.232

EW 6

3

25-mm stucco + 250-mm AAC block + 20-mm plaster

Self-insulated

0.397

Appendix 2: Entire Envelope Insulation Thicknesses Analysis (Both Roof and Walls)

See Tables 13 and 14.

Table 13 Optimum insulation thickness identification for the entire building envelope using the XPS material for both roof and walls structures
Full size table
Table 14 Optimum insulation thickness identification for the entire building envelope using the PUR material for the roof and XPS for walls structures
Full size table

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Alyami, M. The Impact of the Composition and Location of Thermal Insulation in the Building Envelope on Energy Consumption in Low-Rise Residential Buildings in Hot Climate Regions. Arab J Sci Eng 49, 5305–5351 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08366-8

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