Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Toward the Development of Novel Poly(o-toluidine)-Based Metal Composite Materials: Structural, Optical and Electrochemical Performance

  • Research Article-chemistry
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Herein, we produced POT polymer-based tungsten (IV) oxide, (WO2), cerium (IV) oxide, (CeO2) and iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) novel composite materials by emulsion polymerization and one pot blending techniques. UV–Vis analysis confirmed various electronic transitions in π–π* and n–π* levels. FT-IR spectra showed the integration of reinforcement particles within the polymer matrix by the engagement of free functionalities of the polymer by the metal oxide moieties. SEM analysis described the diverse morphology (spherical, pellets, porous and rod-shaped) of the synthesized materials while the complete dispersion of reinforcement particles in the polymer matrix. Extensive cyclic voltammetry studies were done and the materials were found to be used as electroactive agents as they deliver reversible anodic and cathode peaks. The materials are less resistive toward the mobility of ions thus offering good electrical and storage properties. The prepared are proposed to be efficient in electrode and capacitors production technologies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Scheme 1
Fig. 3
Scheme. 2
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

If found necessary, data will be provided on the request.

References

  1. Khan, A.A.P., et al.: Lead sensors development and antimicrobial activities based on graphene oxide/carbon nanotube/poly (O-toluidine) nanocomposite. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 89, 198–205 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Guillén, E., et al.: Spectroelectrogravimetry of the electrical conductivity activation in poly (o-toluidine) films. J. Solid State Electrochem. 24(10), 2353–2363 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Surwade, S.P., et al.: Nitrogen dioxide vapor detection using poly-o-toluidine. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 143(1), 454–457 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bilal, S.; Gul, H.; Gul, S.: One Pot Synthesis of Highly Thermally Stable Poly (2-Methylaniline) for Corrosion Protection of Stainless Steel. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A Sci. 42(4), 1915–1922 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Gerard, M.; Chaubey, A.; Malhotra, B.: Application of conducting polymers to biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17(5), 345–359 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kandalkar, S., et al.: Chemical synthesis of cobalt oxide thin film electrode for supercapacitor application. Synth. Met. 160(11–12), 1299–1302 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ganash, A.A.; Alhebshi, N.A.; Alyoubi, N.H.: Fabrication of a poly (o-toluidine-co-aniline)/SiO 2 nanocomposite for an electrochemical supercapacitor application. J. Appl. Electrochem. 50(10), 1019–1035 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ziadan, K.M.; Hussein, H.F.; Ajeel, K.: Study of the electrical characteristics of poly (o-toluidine) and application in solar cell. Energy Procedia 18, 157–164 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Tamilselvi, D.; Velmani, N.; Rathidevi, K.: Electrical conductivity studies of zinc oxide, nickel doped zinc oxide poly (o-toluidine) nanocomposite using chemical oxidative polymerization. Egypt. J. Chem. 62(Special Issue (Part 2) Innovation in Chemistry), 785–795 (2019)

  10. Gairola, S., et al.: Synthesis and electromagnetic shielding behaviour of poly (o-toluidine)/red mud composite. Polym. Adv. Technol. 29(1), 560–564 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kumar, D.: Poly (o-toluidine) polymer as electrochromic material. Eur. Polymer J. 37(8), 1721–1725 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gomes, M., et al.: Solid state electrochromic display based on polymer electrode-polymer electrolyte interface. Electrochim. Acta 37(9), 1653–1656 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Farag, A.; Ashery, A.; Shenashen, M.: Optical absorption and spectrophotometric studies on the optical constants and dielectric of poly (o-toluidine)(POT) films grown by spin coating deposition. Phys. B 407(13), 2404–2411 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Mahudeswaran, A., et al.: CSA doped Poly (aniline-co-o-toluidine) and dispersed zinc oxide nanoparticles: a promising material for photovoltaics. Mater. Res. 18(3), 482–488 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Balan, R.; Gayathri, V.: In-vitro and antibacterial activities of novel POT/TiO 2/PCL composites for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Polym. Bull., pp. 1–18 (2021)

  16. Verma, A.; Riaz, U.: Mechanochemically synthesized poly (o-toluidine)-intercalated montmorillonite nanocomposites as antituberculosis drug carriers. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater. 67(4), 221–228 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bilal, S.; Farooq, S.; Holze, R.: Improved solubility, conductivity, thermal stability and corrosion protection properties of poly (o-toluidine) synthesized via chemical polymerization. Synth. Met. 197, 144–153 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kiebooms, R.; Menon, R.; Lee, K.: Synthesis, electrical, and optical properties of conjugated polymers. In: Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices, pp. 1–102. Elsevier (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ullah, R., et al.: Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline doped with polyvinyl alcohol by inverse emulsion polymerization. Synth. Met. 222, 162–169 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kulkarni, M.V.; Viswanath, A.K.: Comparative studies of chemically synthesized polyaniline and poly (o-toluidine) doped with p-toluene sulphonic acid. Eur. Polymer J. 40(2), 379–384 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Bavastrello, V., et al.: Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Poly (o-toluidine) Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Langmuir− Schaefer Films. Langmuir 20(3), 969–973 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Chabukswar, V.V., et al.: A novel enhancement of nano structure by organic acid dopants in emulsion polymerization of poly (o-toluidine). J. Macromol. Sci. Part A 51(5), 435–440 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Hu, C., et al.: Preparation of poly (o-toluidine)/nano ZnO/epoxy composite coating and evaluation of its corrosion resistance properties. Synth. Met. 214, 62–70 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Najafi-Ashtiani, H.; Bahari, A.; Ghasemi, S.: A dual electrochromic film based on nanocomposite of aniline and o-toluidine copolymer with tungsten oxide nanoparticles. Org. Electron. 37, 213–221 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Khan, A.A.; Akhtar, T.: Synthesis, characterization and analytical application of nano-composite cation-exchange material, poly-o-toluidine Ce (IV) phosphate: its application in making Cd (II) ion selective membrane electrode. Solid State Sci. 13(3), 559–568 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ganash, A.A.; Alhebshi, N.A.; Alyoubi, N.H.: Fabrication of a poly (o-toluidine-co-aniline)/SiO2 nanocomposite for an electrochemical supercapacitor application. J. Appl. Electrochem. 50(10), 1019–1035 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Rajan, L., et al.: Reactive sensing capability towards the working electrical and chemical conditions of poly (aniline–co–o-toluidine) copolymers. Res. Chem. Intermed. 48(10), 4313–4329 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hou, Z., et al.: Towards enhanced electrochemical capacitance with self‐assembled synthesis of poly (pyrrole‐co‐o‐toluidine) nanoparticles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 133(6) (2016)

  29. Ebrahim, S.M.; Gad, A.; Morsy, A.: Highly crystalline and soluble dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid doped poly (o-toluidine). Synth. Met. 160(23–24), 2658–2663 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Li, X.-G., et al.: Synthesis and characterization of pyrrole and anisidine copolymers. Polymer 42(14), 6095–6103 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Elmansouri, A., et al.: Influence of the counter ion on the properties of poly (o-toluidine) thin films and their Schottky diodes. Synth. Met. 159(3–4), 292–297 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhang, A.; Cui, C.; Lee, J.Y.: Electrochemical degradation of polyaniline in HClO4 and H2SO4. Synth. Met. 72(3), 217–223 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kulkarni, M.V.; Viswanath, A.K.; Mulik, U.: Studies on chemically synthesized organic acid doped poly (o-toluidine). Mater. Chem. Phys. 89(1), 1–5 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kulkarni, M.V.; Kasi Viswanath, A.; Khanna, P.: Investigation of spectroscopic and thermal properties of poly (o‐toluidine) doped with polymeric acids. J. Macromol. Sci. Part A 43(1), 197–203 (2006)

  35. Sudeshna Chaudhari, A.B.G.; Patil, P.P.: Synthesis and corrosion protection aspects of poly(o-toluidine)/CdO nanoparticle composite coatings on mild steel. J.coat-techno. Res. 7(1), 119–124 (2010)

  36. Abdiryim, T.; Xiao-Gang, Z.; Jamal, R.: Synthesis and characterization of poly (o-toluidine) doped with organic sulfonic acid by solid-state polymerization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 96(5), 1630–1634 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kulkarni, M.V.; Kasi Viswanath, A.; Khanna, P.: Investigation of spectroscopic and thermal properties of poly (o‐toluidine) doped with polymeric acids. J. Macromol. Sci. Part A 43(1), 197–203 (2006)

  38. Kasisomayajula, S.V., et al.: A structural and morphological comparative study between chemically synthesized and photopolymerized poly (pyrrole). J. Coat. Technol. Res. 7(2), 145–158 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Chabukswar, V.; Bhavsar, S.; Horne, A.: Organic synthesis and characterization of electrically conducting poly (o-toluidine) doped with organic acid. chem.Tecnol. 5, 37–40 (2011)

  40. Bilal, S.; Holze, R.: A correlation of electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of poly (o-toluidine). Electrochim. Acta 54(21), 4851–4856 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Shreepathi, S.; Holze, R.: Benzoyl-peroxide-initiated inverse emulsion copolymerization of aniline and o-toluidine: effect of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid on the physicochemical properties of the copolymers. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 208(6), 609–621 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Arenas, M., et al.: Engineered doped and codoped polyaniline gas sensors synthesized in N, N, dimethylformamide media. Appl. Phys. A 106(4), 901–908 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Nabid, M.R.; Entezami, A.A.: Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of a water-soluble, conducting poly (o-toluidine). Eur. Polymer J. 39(6), 1169–1175 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Wang, H., et al.: Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of its composite with polyaniline. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2, 821–828 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Bilal, S.: Electrochemical Synthesis and Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Novel Conducting Poly(o- phenylenediamine-co-o-/m-toluidine) 2007. Technischen Universität Chemnitz Germany. p. 133 (2007)

  46. Bilal, S.; Holze, R.: Electrochemical copolymerization of o-toluidine and o-phenylenediamine. J. Electroanal. Chem. 592(1), 1–13 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Jamal, R.; Abdiryim, T.; Nurulla, I.: Comparative studies of solid-state synthesized poly (o-methoxyaniline) and poly (o-toluidine). Polym. Adv. Technol. 19(11), 1461–1466 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gupta, V.; Miura, N.: High performance electrochemical supercapacitor from electrochemically synthesized nanostructured polyaniline. Mater. Lett. 60(12), 1466–1469 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Radhakrishnan, S., et al.: Organically soluble bifunctional polyaniline–magnetite composites for sensing and supercapacitor applications. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 12(4), A84–A87 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Gul, H.; Shah, A.; Bilal, S.: Electrochemical behavior of POT in different Electrolytes. J. Sci. Innov. Res 5, 187–192 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Huang, X., et al.: Reduced graphene oxide–polyaniline hybrid: preparation, characterization and its applications for ammonia gas sensing. J. Mater. Chem. 22(42), 22488–22495 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Misoon, O.; Seok, K.: Effect of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid on the preparation of polyaniline/activated carbon composites by in situ emulsion polymerization. Electrochim. Acta 59, 196–201 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Bilal, S.; Gul, S.; Ali, K.: Synthesis and characterization of completely soluble and highly thermally stable PANI-DBSA salts. Synth. Met. 162(24), 2259–2266 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Suneetha, R.: Electrochemical studies of novel clay-conducting poly-o-toluidine hybrid nanocomposites for supercapacitor application. ECS Trans. 107(1), 4003–4010 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Sidheekha, M.P., et al.: Current sensing supercapacitor electrodes based on chitosan/poly-o-toluidine hydrogel composites. J. Mater. Res. 36(9), 1914–1926 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Islam, S., et al.: Poly (o-toluidine)/multiwalled carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites: an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. J. Mater. Res. 36(17), 3472–3483 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Singh, K.K., et al.: Hybrid Poly (o-toluidine)/Mwcnt/Copper Oxide Nano Composite Electrode For Electrochemical Supercapacitor

  58. Gul, H., et al.: Poly (o-toluidine) salt as low cost electrode material for high performance electrochemical supercapacitor (2017)

  59. Basnayaka, P.A., et al.: Supercapacitors based on graphene–polyaniline derivative nanocomposite electrode materials. Electrochim. Acta 92, 376–382 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Basnayaka, P.A.; Ram, M.; Kumar, A.: Formation of Nanowires Network of Polyaniline and its Derivatives for High Performance Supercapacitors. In: ECS Meeting Abstracts. IOP Publishing (2012)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Mohammad Sohail, Rizwan Ullah, Muhammad Omer, Ihsan Ullah &  Adnan

  2. Department of Chemistry, Swabi Women University, Baja, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Sana Ullah Khan

  3. National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Salma Bilal

Authors
  1. Mohammad Sohail
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rizwan Ullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sana Ullah Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Salma Bilal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Muhammad Omer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ihsan Ullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Adnan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Sohail.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Statement

The article is original research article and is not under consideration elsewhere. All the authors are in agreement for the publication of the article and have no conflict of interest regarding the submission of the article.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sohail, M., Ullah, R., Khan, S.U. et al. Toward the Development of Novel Poly(o-toluidine)-Based Metal Composite Materials: Structural, Optical and Electrochemical Performance. Arab J Sci Eng 48, 7513–7524 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07563-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07563-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation