Abstract
Water splitting is a promising method to produce hydrogen as fuel. But it has low production rate in comparison with the common methods. There are some developments in microreactors and photocatalysts that combine these two methods to increase the production rate. Design of reaction chamber and also the loading of photocatalysts affect the outcome of the reaction. In this study, three optofluidic microreactors with different reaction chambers were fabricated. To monitor the performance of the fabricated microreactors, a water splitting reaction was performed in the presence of iodide/iodate as a redox mediator. Various factors such as iodide concentration, flow rate, and the amount of Pt deposited on Pt/TiO2 were investigated. The durability of used photocatalyst in micro-spiraled and micro-pillared microreactors was also studied. The optofluidic microreactor with pillared structure showed higher hydrogen production compared to the spiral and grooved structure. The optimal value of Pt loading is 1% w/w so that the iodide depletion efficiency changes over time from 5.7 to 3.8% while that for 1.5% w/w varies from 3.2 to 0.67%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gholipour, M.R.; Dinh, C.T.; Béland, F.; Do, T.O.: Nanocomposite heterojunctions as sunlight-driven photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water splitting. Nanoscale 7(18), 8187–8208 (2015)
Turner, J.A.: Sustainable hydrogen production. Science 305(5686), 972–974 (2004)
Liao, C.H.; Huang, C.W.; Wu, J.: Hydrogen production from semiconductor-based photocatalysis via water splitting. Catalysts 2(4), 490–516 (2012)
Grigoriev, S.A.; Porembsky, V.I.; Fateev, V.N.: Pure hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis for hydrogen energy. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 31(2), 171–175 (2006)
Zhang, H.; Du, C.; Wu, A.; Bo, Z.; Yan, J.; Li, X.: Rotating gliding arc assisted methane decomposition in nitrogen for hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39(24), 12620–12635 (2014)
Łukajtis, R.; Hołowacz, I.; Kucharska, K.; Glinka, M.; Rybarczyk, P.; Przyjazny, A.; Kamiński, M.: Hydrogen production from biomass using dark fermentation. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 91, 665–694 (2018)
Li, Y.; Guo, L.; Zhang, X.; Jin, H.; Lu, Y.: Hydrogen production from coal gasification in supercritical water with a continuous flowing system. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35(7), 3036–3045 (2010)
Ahsan, S.S.; Gumus, A.; Erickson, D.: Redox mediated photocatalytic water-splitting in optofluidic microreactors. Lab Chip 13(3), 409–414 (2013)
Dincer, I.; Zamfirescu, C.: Sustainable energy systems and applications. Springer, Berlin (2011)
Steinfeld, A.: Solar hydrogen production via a two-step water-splitting thermochemical cycle based on Zn/ZnO redox reactions. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 27(6), 611–619 (2002)
Guan, Y.; Deng, M.; Yu, X.; Zhang, W.: Two-stage photo-biological production of hydrogen by marine green alga Platymonas subcordiformis. Biochem. Eng. J. 19(1), 69–73 (2004)
Das, D.; Veziroglu, T.N.: Advances in biological hydrogen production processes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33(21), 6046–6057 (2008)
Fujishima, A.; Honda, K.: Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238(5358), 37–38 (1972)
Al-Azri, Z.H.; Jovic, V.; Chen, W.T.; Sun-Waterhouse, D.; Metson, J.B.; Waterhouse, G.I.: Performance evaluation of Pd/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 photocatalysts for hydrogen production from ethanol-water mixtures. Int. J. Nanotechnol. 11(5–678), 695–703 (2014)
Dholam, R.; Patel, N.; Adami, M.; Miotello, A.: Hydrogen production by photocatalytic water-splitting using Cr-or Fe-doped TiO2 composite thin films photocatalyst. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34(13), 5337–5346 (2009)
Chatterjee, D.: Effect of excited state redox properties of dye sensitizers on hydrogen production through photo-splitting of water over TiO2 photocatalyst. Catal. Commun. 11(5), 336–339 (2010)
Sharifi, T.; Mohammadi, T.; Momeni, M.M.; Kusic, H.; Rokovic, M.K.; Bozic, A.L.; Ghayeb, Y.: Influence of photo-deposited Pt and Pd onto chromium doped TiO2 nanotubes in photo-electrochemical water splitting for hydrogen generation. Catalysts 11(2), 212 (2021)
Jing, D.; Guo, L.; Zhao, L.; Zhang, X.; Liu, H.; Li, M.; Zhang, K.: Efficient solar hydrogen production by photocatalytic water splitting: from fundamental study to pilot demonstration. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35(13), 7087–7097 (2010)
Lo, C.C.; Huang, C.W.; Liao, C.H.; Wu, J.C.: Novel twin reactor for separate evolution of hydrogen and oxygen in photocatalytic water splitting. Int J Hydr Energy 35(4), 1523–1529 (2010)
Agrafiotis, C.; Roeb, M.; Konstandopoulos, A.G.; Nalbandian, L.; Zaspalis, V.T.; Sattler, C.; Steele, A.M.: Solar water splitting for hydrogen production with monolithic reactors. Sol. Energy 79(4), 409–421 (2005)
Li, L.; Chen, R.; Zhu, X.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Liao, Q.; Wang, D.: Optofluidic microreactors with TiO2-coated fiberglass. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 5(23), 12548–12553 (2013)
Martino, M.; Ruocco, C.; Meloni, E.; Pullumbi, P.; Palma, V.: Main hydrogen production processes: an overview. Catalysts (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11050547
Serafin, J.; Soler, L.; Vega, D.; Rodríguez, Á.; Llorca, J.: Macroporous silicon coated with M/TiO2 (M=Au, Pt) as a highly efficient photoreactor for hydrogen production. Chem. Eng. J. 393, 124701 (2020)
Rambabu, P.; Patel, S.; Gogoi, D.; Uppaluri, R.V.S.; Peela, N.R.: Optofluidic microreactor for the photocatalytic water splitting to produce green hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 47(4), 2152–2163 (2022)
Pala, L.P.R.; Peela, N.R.: Green hydrogen production in an optofluidic planar microreactor via photocatalytic water splitting under visible/simulated sunlight irradiation. Energy Fuels 35, 19737–19747 (2021)
Qi, L.; Cheng, B.; Yu, J.; Ho, W.: High-surface area mesoporous Pt/TiO2 hollow chains for efficient formaldehyde decomposition at ambient temperature. J. Hazard. Mater. 301, 522–530 (2016)
Li, L.; Chen, R.; Liao, Q.; Zhu, X.; Wang, G.; Wang, D.: High surface area optofluidic microreactor for redox mediated photocatalytic water splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39(33), 19270–19276 (2014)
Chen, R.; Li, L.; Zhu, X.; Wang, H.; Liao, Q.; Zhang, M.X.: Highly-durable optofluidic microreactor for photocatalytic water splitting. Energy 83, 797–804 (2015)
Ni, M.; Leung, M.K.; Leung, D.Y.; Sumathy, K.: A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO2 for hydrogen production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 11(3), 401–425 (2007)
Ahsan, S.S.; Erickson, D.: (2012) Microfluidic photocatalytic water-splitting reactors. In ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition (Vol. 45233, pp. 965–969). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Abe, R.; Sayama, K.; Domen, K.; Arakawa, H.: A new type of water splitting system composed of two different TiO2 photocatalysts (anatase, rutile) and a IO3−/I− shuttle redox mediator. Chem. Phys. Lett. 344(3–4), 339–344 (2001)
Furman, M.; Corbel, S.; Le Gall, H.; Zahraa, O.; Bouchy, M.: Influence of the geometry of a monolithic support on the efficiency of photocatalyst for air cleaning. Chem. Eng. Sci. 62, 5312–5316 (2007)
Cheng, M.; Huang, Y.; Gao, R.; Bai, S.: Numerical simulation of photocatalytic reduction of gas phase CO2 in optofluidic microreactor. Catal. Lett. 149, 3000–3011 (2019)
Hakki, H.K.; Allahyari, S.: Intensification of photocatalytic wastewater treatment using a novel continuous microcapillary photoreactor irradiated by visible LED lights. Chem. Eng. Process. 175, 108937 (2022)
Oralli, E.; Dincer, I.; Naterer, G.F.: Solar photocatalytic reactor performance for hydrogen production from incident ultraviolet radiation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36, 9446–9452 (2011)
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the funding support of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology through Grant Program No. BNUT/388003/97.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baghery, R., Shabanian, S.R., Ahmadpour, J. et al. Investigation of Various Factors on Iodide Depletion Efficiency in Photocatalytic Water Splitting in Optofluidic Microreactors. Arab J Sci Eng 48, 8507–8518 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07014-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07014-x