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A Novel Hybrid Fuzzy PD-TID Controller for Load Frequency Control of a Standalone Microgrid

  • Research Article-Electrical Engineering
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Abstract

Uncertainties related to the power output from the renewable energy sources and low inertia of a standalone microgrid (SMG) demand a robust control strategy for continuous frequency control of the SMG. Consequently, this paper proposes a novel hybrid fuzzy proportional derivative–tilt integral derivative (FPD-TID) controller for the load frequency control (LFC) analysis of a SMG. Inspiration for the proposed controller comes from combining the advantages of both the FPD and the TID controllers. Gains of the proposed controller are optimized using a robust chaotic crow search algorithm (CCSA). In order to validate the proposed control scheme, comparative frequency deviation responses of the SMG are presented considering multiple disturbances. Also, the proposed controller is put to test for its sensitivity and robustness subject to a ± 30% variation in the SMG parameters and disconnection of various SMG subsystems, respectively. Since operational stability of the SMG is highly desirable under such circumstances, the proposed control scheme aims to achieve a trade-off between its performance and the operational stability of the SMG. The operational stability of the SMG is established through eigenvalue and root locus analysis.

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Abbreviations

f :

Nominal frequency (Hz)

RES:

Renewable energy source

SMG:

Standalone microgrid

LFC:

Load frequency control

CCSA:

Chaotic crow search algorithm

FDR:

Frequency deviation response

DG:

Distributed generation

PID:

Proportional integral derivative

WTG:

Wind turbine generator

PV:

Photovoltaic

DEG:

Diesel engine generator

EV:

Electric vehicle

FC:

Fuel cell

BESS:

Battery energy storage system

FESS:

Flywheel energy storage system

AE:

Aqua electrolyzer

CB:

Circuit breaker

\(J_{\mathrm{P}}\) :

Performance index

ITAE:

Integral of the time multiplied absolute error

\(T_{sim}\) :

Simulation time (s)

\(\varDelta {P_{D}}\) :

Incremental load change (pu MW)

D :

Load damping coefficient (pu MW/Hz)

H :

Inertia constant of the MG (s)

R :

Governor speed regulation coefficient (Hz/pu MW)

\(T_{\mathrm{G}}\) :

Governor time constant (s)

\(T_{\mathrm{T}}\) :

Turbine time constant (s)

\(T_{\mathrm{DEG}}\) :

DEG time constant (s)

\(T_{\mathrm{EV}}\) :

EV time constant (s)

\(T_{\mathrm{BESS}}\) :

BESS time constant (s)

\(K_{\mathrm{BESS}}\) :

BESS gain

\(T_{\mathrm{FESS}}\) :

FESS time constant (s)

\(K_{\mathrm{FESS}}\) :

FESS gain

\(T_{\mathrm{AE}}\) :

AE time constant (s)

\(K_{\mathrm{AE}}\) :

AE gain

\(T_{\mathrm{PV}}\) :

PV time constant (s)

\(K_{\mathrm{PV}}\) :

PV gain

\(T_{\mathrm{WTG}}\) :

WTG time constant (s)

\(K_{\mathrm{WTG}}\) :

WTG gain

\(T_{\mathrm{FC}}\) :

FC time constant (s)

\(K_{\mathrm{FC}}\) :

FC gain

\(\delta _{\mathrm{DEG}}\) :

Power increment limit of the DEG

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Greater Noida Institute of Technology, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Bhuvnesh Khokhar

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India

    Surender Dahiya

  3. Deputy Director (Technical), National Power Training Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India

    K. P. Singh Parmar

Authors
  1. Bhuvnesh Khokhar
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  2. Surender Dahiya
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  3. K. P. Singh Parmar
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Correspondence to Bhuvnesh Khokhar.

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Khokhar, B., Dahiya, S. & Parmar, K.P.S. A Novel Hybrid Fuzzy PD-TID Controller for Load Frequency Control of a Standalone Microgrid. Arab J Sci Eng 46, 1053–1065 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04761-7

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