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Effect of Various Evaluation Criteria on Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids: A Case Study of Water-Based Cu2O Nanofluids

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Abstract

The numerical study investigates the effect of various comparison criteria on the forced convective heat transfer of water-based cuprous oxide nanofluids in a horizontal mini tube under uniform heat flux conditions. The forced convective flow regime was validated, and it was ensured that the free convection effects were not present. The temperature-dependent thermophysical properties were considered for the numerical simulation. The volume concentrations of the nanofluids were kept below 2% (i.e., 0.6%, 1.3% and 1.9%) as higher concentrations lead to agglomeration and sedimentation of nanoparticles. The various comparison criteria employed for the assessment of heat transfer enhancement were equal pumping power, equal velocity, equal mass flow rate and equal Reynolds number criterion. The enhancements in heat transfer coefficient (at ϕv = 1.9% and base fluid Re = 1380) were 7.7%, 4.9%, 3.6% and 3.3% when assessed on the basis of equal Reynolds number, equal velocity, equal mass flow rate and equal pumping power, respectively. It was found that the enhanced heat transfer of the nanofluids should preferably be examined on the basis of equal pumping power criterion instead of above-mentioned other three criteria. The discussion on the invalidity of three evaluation criteria based on Reynolds number, velocity and mass flow rate has also been made.

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Abbreviations

A s :

Nanomaterial aspect ratio

C p :

Heat capacity of fluid (J/kg K)

d :

Nanoparticle size (nm)

D :

Diameter of the circular channel (mm)

f :

Friction factor of fluid

g :

Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

Gr:

Grashof number

Gz:

Graetz number

h :

Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

K B :

Boltzmann constant = 1.38066 × 1023 (J/K)

L :

Length of the channel (m)

L s :

Lateral dimension of nanosheets (nm)

l :

Length of MWCNTs

M :

Molecular weight (kg/mol)

\(\dot{m}\) :

Mass flow rate of fluid (kg/h)

N :

Avogadro number = 6.022 × 1023 (mol−1)

Nu:

Nusselt number

Q :

Discharge (m3/s)

P :

Pumping power (mW)

Pc :

Peclet number

∆P :

Pressure drop of fluid (Pa)

Pr:

Prandtl number

\(q^{\prime \prime }\) :

Heat flux (W/m2)

Ra*:

Modified Rayleigh number

Re:

Reynolds number

Ri*:

Modified Richardson number

T :

Temperature (K)

t :

Nanomaterial thickness (nm)

u :

Velocity vector

V :

Average velocity (m/s)

x :

Axial dimension

x/D :

Dimensionless distance in x direction

y :

Vertical dimension

\(\alpha\) :

Fluid thermal diffusivity (m2/s)

β :

Thermal expansion coefficient (1/K)

\(k\) :

Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

\(\rho\) :

Mass density (kg/m3)

\(\mu\) :

Dynamic viscosity (Pa s)

\(\phi\) :

Nanoparticle volume concentration

av:

Average value

bf:

Base fluid

b:

Bulk value

fr:

Base fluid freezing point

i:

Inlet

nf:

Nanofluid

np:

Nanoparticle

v:

Volume (concentration)

w:

Value at wall

AC:

Amorphous carbonic

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

DI:

Deionized

EG:

Ethylene glycol

HTC:

Heat transfer coefficient

FVM:

Finite volume method

GNP:

Graphene nanoparticles

PAO:

Polyalphaolefin

MWCNTs:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

NR:

Nanorod-shaped particles

OD:

Outer diameter of MWCNTs

SIMPLE:

Semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations

SPN:

Spherical-shaped nanoparticles

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan

    Muhammad Sajjad

  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan

    Muhammad Sajid Kamran, Hassan Ali, Ghulam Moeen Uddin & Nasir Hayat

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  1. Muhammad Sajjad
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  2. Muhammad Sajid Kamran
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Correspondence to Muhammad Sajjad.

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Sajjad, M., Kamran, M.S., Ali, H. et al. Effect of Various Evaluation Criteria on Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids: A Case Study of Water-Based Cu2O Nanofluids. Arab J Sci Eng 45, 953–966 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04187-w

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