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Bamboo shapes the fine-scale richness, abundance, and habitat use of small mammals in a forest fragment

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Abstract

A classic question in community ecology is how species coexist within a community. Studies have sought to understand how species occurrence vary according to habitat structure, space, food, predators, and competitors. Small mammals are widely used as a model system in community ecology, since they represent the most diverse group of mammals in the neotropical forests. Hence, we investigated whether microhabitat features, food resource (fruits), and presence of medium and large mammals can explain fine-spatial scale richness, abundances, and habitat use of small mammals in a forest in Brazil. Three species represented 83% of all captured individuals (Didelphis albiventris, Oligoryzomys nigripes, Akodon montensis). Species richness, abundance, and habitat use of small mammals were affected positively by the distance of bamboo (Chusquea sp.) thickets. The occurrence of predators (carnivores and omnivores) and potential competitors (large herbivores), however, did not affect richness, abundance, and habitat use of small mammals at small spatial scales. Our findings suggest that the bamboo patches can influence spatial distribution and shape small mammal communities in tropical forests.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Fundação Florestal (COTEC Proc. SMA no. 002.169/2017) for allowing us to work at ESEC. We also thank Sérgio Nazareth, Sean Keuroghlian, and other colleagues for their assistance with the fieldwork. We are deeply in debt with two anonymous reviewers who made their suggestions in the earlier versions to improve the quality of this manuscript.

Funding

This project was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Programa Biota (FAPESP, Proc 2014/01986-0). CLA received a Master’s fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Financial code 001, Proc PPG – Unesp - RC: 2017), MG a Senior Fellowship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and RSB a Postdoctoral Fellowship from FAPESP (Proc 2013/25441-0).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, 13506-752, Brazil

    Clariana Lima André, Marina Corrêa Côrtes, Mauro Galetti, Rafael Souza Cruz Alves & Ricardo Siqueira Bovendorp

  2. Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicado à Conservação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual d Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil

    Neander Marcel Heming & Ricardo Siqueira Bovendorp

  3. Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA

    Mauro Galetti

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  1. Clariana Lima André
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  2. Marina Corrêa Côrtes
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  3. Neander Marcel Heming
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  4. Mauro Galetti
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Contributions

CLA, MCC, MG, and RSB contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was performed by CLA and RSCA. Data analysis was performed by MCC and NMH. The first draft of the manuscript was written by CLA, NMH, and RSB, and MCC and MG commented and contributed on the manuscript and approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Ricardo Siqueira Bovendorp.

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Appendix

Appendix

Table 3 Species of medium and large mammals recorded in camera traps in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil. Diet and functional groups were based on Paglia et al. (2012) and conservation status by IUCN Red list (DD, data deficient; LC, least concern; NT, near threatened; VU, vulnerable; EN, endangered; NE, note evaluated)
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Table 4 Captures of small mammals in a 3-ha grid in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil, with the order, species name, number of individuals, number of captures (including recaptures) and weight average (in grams), the standard deviation of weight average (in grams), dietary (Fr/On, frugivorous/granivorous; In/On, insectivorous/omnivorous; Fr/Gr, frugivorous/granivorous), and conservation status by IUCN (LC, least concern)
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Table 5 Model selection table showing variable estimates or presence (+) of factor variables, degrees of freedom (df), log Likelihood (logLik), AICc values, delta AICc values (ΔAICc), and weight (w) of each model testing the effects of variables on the species richness of small mammals in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil. Here we use the full sample dataset and only microhabitat features (bamboo, litter, fruits, trees, and fallen logs) were explored in the models
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Table 6 Model selection table showing variable estimates or presence (+) of factor variables, degrees of freedom (df), log Likelihood (logLik), AICc values, delta AICc values (ΔAICc), and weight (w) of each model testing the effects of variables on the species abundance of small mammals in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil. Here we use the full sample dataset and only microhabitat features (bamboo, litter, fruits, trees, and fallen logs) were explored in the models
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Table 7 Model selection table showing variable estimates or presence (+) of factor variables, degrees of freedom (df), log Likelihood (logLik), AICc values, delta AICc values (ΔAICc), and weight (w) of each model testing the effects of variables on the habitat use of small mammals in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil. Here we use the full sample dataset and only microhabitat features (bamboo, litter, fruits, trees, and fallen logs) were explored in the models
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Table 8 Model selection table showing variable estimates or presence (+) of factor variables, degrees of freedom (df), log Likelihood (logLik), AICc values, delta AICc values (ΔAICc), and weight (w) of each model testing the effects of variables on the abundance of small mammals in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil. Here we use the subset sample dataset and microhabitat features (bamboo, litter, trees, and fallen logs) and medium and large mammals (competitors and predators) were explored in the models. Variables beginning with “zi” indicate those used as zero-inflated fixed effects
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Table 9 Model selection table showing variable estimates or presence (+) of factor variables, degrees of freedom (df), log Likelihood (logLik), AICc values, delta AICc values (ΔAICc), and weight (w) of each model testing the effects of variables on the habitat use of small mammals in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil. Here we use the subset sample dataset and microhabitat features (bamboo, litter, trees, and fallen logs) and medium and large mammals (competitors and predators) were explored in the models. Variables beginning with “zi” indicate those used as zero-inflated fixed effects
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Fig. 3
figure 3

Sample grid design for capturing small mammals and medium and large mammals in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil. Large Sherman trap (23 × 7.5 × 8.5 cm) are represented by dark rectangle, small Sherman trap (23 × 7.5 × 8.5 cm) are represented by light gray rectangle, and Tomahawk (42.0 × 12 × 15 cm) are represented by open rectangle. The open circles connected by continuous line represent the pitfall traps connected by plastic fence. The cameras trap is represented by the dark blue triangle for the period to December 2017 to January 2018 and dark green from January to February 2018 in the grid

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Fig. 4
figure 4

Spatial accumulation of captures of small mammals in the grid sampling stations during all campaigns in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil

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Fig. 5
figure 5

Spatial accumulation of occurrence of predators, potential competitors, average litter, fallen logs, trees, fruits and seeds, and presence of water body and bamboo thickets in the grid sampling stations during all campaigns in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil

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Fig. 6
figure 6

Correlation tests between covariates (predators, potential competitors, litter, trees, fallen logs, distance to nearest water body, and distance to nearest bamboo thicket) using the complete dataset (all sampling points in the grid) in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil

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Fig. 7
figure 7

Species richness, abundance, and habitat use accumulation curves in the Caetetus Ecological Station, Brazil

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Fig. 8
figure 8

Effects of bamboo distance (normalized) on the three response variables (richness, abundance, and habitat use) of small mammals

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André, C.L., Côrtes, M.C., Heming, N.M. et al. Bamboo shapes the fine-scale richness, abundance, and habitat use of small mammals in a forest fragment. Mamm Res 67, 199–218 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-021-00616-0

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