Skip to main content
Log in

Turning Avatar into Realistic Human Expression Using Linear and Bilinear Interpolations

  • 3DR Express
  • Published:
3D Research

Abstract

The facial animation in term of 3D facial data has accurate research support of the laser scan and advance 3D tools for complex facial model production. However, the approach still lacks facial expression based on emotional condition. Though, facial skin colour is required to offers an effect of facial expression improvement, closely related to the human emotion. This paper presents innovative techniques for facial animation transformation using the facial skin colour based on linear interpolation and bilinear interpolation. The generated expressions are almost same to the genuine human expression and also enhance the facial expression of the virtual human.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Elarbi-Boudihir, M., Rehman, A., & Saba, T. (2011). Video motion perception using optimized Gabor filter. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6(12), 2799–2806.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Meethongjan, K., Dzulkifli, M., Rehman, A., Altameem, A., & Saba, T. (2013). An intelligent fused approach for face recognition. Journal of Intelligent Systems, 22(1), 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Buddharaju, P., I. T. Pavlidis, & P. Tsiamyrtzis. (2005). Physiology-based face recognition. In IEEE Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance.

  4. Kyu-Ho, P. & K. Tae-Yong. (2008). Facial color adaptive technique based on the theory of emotion-color association and analysis of animation. In Multimedia Signal Processing, 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on 2008.

  5. Rehman, A., & Saba, T. (2014). Features extraction for soccer video semantic analysis: current achievements and remaining issues. Artificial Intelligence Review, 41(3), 451–461. doi:10.1007/s10462-012-9319-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Neamah,K. Mohamad,D. Saba, T. Rehman, A. (2014). Discriminative Features Mining for Offline Handwritten Signature Verification, 3D Research vol. 5(3), doi. 10.1007/s13319-013-0002-3.

  7. Basori, A. H., Daman, D., Bade, A., Sunar, M.S., & Saari, N. (2008). The feasibility of human haptic emotion as a feature to enhance interactivity and immersiveness on virtual reality game. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry. New York, USA: ACM.

  8. Basori, A. H., et al. (2010). E-Facetic: The integration of multimodal emotion expression for avatar through facial expression, acoustic and haptic. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry (p. 147–150). Seoul, South Korea: ACM.

  9. Darwin, C. R. (1872). In J. Murray (Ed.) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London.

  10. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1974). Detecting deception from the body or face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 288–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Saba, T., & Rehman, A. (2012). Effects of artificially intelligent tools on pattern recognition. International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 4(2), 155–162. doi:10.1007/s13042-012-0082-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Pan, X., M. Gillies, & M. Slater. (2008). The impact of avatar blushing on the duration of interaction BETWEEN a real and virtual person. In Presence 2008: The 11th Annual International Workshop on Presence.

  13. Rahim, M. S. M., Saba, T., Nayer, F., & Syed, A. Z. (2014). 3D texture features mining for MRI brain tumor identification. 3D Research, 5(1), 1–8. doi:10.1007/s13319-013-0003-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Jimenez, J., et al. (2010). A practical appearance model for dynamic facial color. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 29(6), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ersotelos, N., & Dong, F. (2008). Building highly realistic facial modeling and animation: A survey. The Visual Computer, 24(1), 13–30. doi:10.1007/s00371-007-0175-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Plutchik, R., & Kellerman, H. (1980). Emotion, theory, research, and experience. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Jung, Y., et al. (2009). Real-time rendering of skin changes caused by emotions. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (pp. 504–505). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Springer-Verlag.

  18. Shearn, D., et al. (1990). Facial coloration and temperature responses in blushing. Psychophysiology, 27(6), 687–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Pos, O.D. & Green-Armytage, P. (2007). Facial expressions, colours and basic emotions. UK: The Society of Dyers and Colourists. http://www.colour-journal.org/2007/1/2/.

  20. Moretti, G., Ellis, R. A., & Mescon, H. (1959). Vascular patterns in the skin of the face1. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 33(3), 103–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Cosi, P., Drioli, C., Tesser, F., & Tisato, G. (2005). INTERFACE toolkit: a new tool for building IVAs, In T. Panayiotopoulos, J. Gratch, R. Aylett, D. Ballin, P. Olivier & T. Rist (Eds.), Intelligent Virtual Agents (Vol. 3661, pp. 75–87), Berlin: Springer.

  22. Cerekovic, A., et al. (2007). Towards an embodied conversational agent talking in croatian. In 9th International Conference on Telecommunications, ConTel 2007.

  23. Argyle, M. (1984). The psychology of interpersonal behaviour. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

  24. Berendt, J. (2005). The city of falling angels. London.

  25. Nijdam, N. A. (2006). Mapping emotion to color. The Netherlands: University of Twente.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Tech-Algorithm (Linear Interpolation). (2009). http://tech-algorithm.com/articles/linear-interpolation/.

  27. Ahmad Hoirul Basori1, A.B., Mohd Shahrizal Sunar1 and d.d.a.m.s.h.s. Nadzaari saari1, An integration framework for haptic feedback to improve facial expression on virtual human. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 2012.

  28. Parke, F. I., & Waters, K. (2008). Computer facial animation. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bilinear interpolation. (2012). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolation.

  30. Liu, C. (2009). An analysis of the current and future state of 3D facial animation techniques and systems. Canada: B.A., Communication University of China.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research is collaboration supported by the Malaysia Ministry of Science and Technology (MOSTI) and Research Management Center (RMC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amjad Rehman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hazim Alkawaz, M., Mohamad, D., Rehman, A. et al. Turning Avatar into Realistic Human Expression Using Linear and Bilinear Interpolations. 3D Res 5, 9 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13319-014-0009-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13319-014-0009-4

Keywords

Navigation