Skip to main content
Log in

Skin and build up dose determination for a 2.5 MV medical linear accelerator imaging beam

  • Scientific Note
  • Published:
Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The 2.5 MV Imaging beam produced by a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator produces a dose build up effect at the beam entrance similar to other high energy photon beams. The surface dose values were found to range from 39% of maximum dose at a 5 cm × 5 cm field size up to 69% of maximum at a 40 cm × 40 cm field. The depth of maximum dose deposition was found to range from 5 mm at smaller field sizes to 4 mm at larger field sizes. Whilst large absorbed doses will not be delivered utilizing these beams, the data provided will allow the medical physics community to assess and estimate doses to patient’s skin and subcutaneous tissue from low energy MV imaging beams.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

References

  1. Gräfe JL, Owen J, Villarreal‐Barajas JE, Khan RFH (2016) Characterization of a 2.5 MV inline portal imaging beam, J Appl Clin Med Phys; 17(5): 222–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Song KH, Snyder KC, Kim J, Li H, Ning W, Rusnac R, Jackson P, Gordon J, Siddiqui SM, Chetty IJ (2016) Characterization and evaluation of 2.5 MV electronic portal imaging for accurate localization of intra- and extracranial stereotactic radiosurgery. J Appl Clin Med Phys 17(4):268–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Song K, Kim J, Wen N et al (2014) Quantitative analysis of 2.5 MV portal imaging performance compared to KV and 6MV portal imaging on the novel Edge linac. Med Phys 41(6):190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Lillicrap SC, Burns JE, Greene D, Williams PC (1983) Revised Code of Practice for the dosimetry of 2 to 35 MV X-ray, and of caesium-137 and cobalt-60 gamma-ray beams. Phys Med Biol 28(10):1097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. International Atomic Energy Agency (2000) Technical Report Series 398 : TRS398 absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: an international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water, V.12 (05 June 2006) IAEA, Vienna, Austria. ISSN 1011–4289

  6. Grzetic S, Ayan AS, Woollard J, Gupta N (2018) Validating kQ =10 assumption in TG51 with PTW 30013 farmer chamber for Varian TrueBeam's 2.5 MV imaging beam. J Appl Clin Med Phys 19(3):351–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Devic S et al (2006) Accurate skin dose measurements using radiochromic film in clinical applications. Med Phys 33(4):1116–1124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hsu S-H et al (2008) Assessment of skin dose for breast chest wall radiotherapy as a function of bolus material. Phys Med Biol 53(10):2593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kron T et al (1993) X-ray surface dose measurements using TLD extrapolation. Med Phys 20(3):703–711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nakano M et al (2012) A study of surface dosimetry for breast cancer radiotherapy treatments using Gafchromic EBT2 film. J Appl Clin Med Phys 13(3):83–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang Y et al (2012) Surface dose investigation of the flattening filter-free photon beams. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83(2):e281–e285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bilge H et al (2009) Surface dose measurements with GafChromic EBT film for 6 and 18 MV photon beams. Phys Medica 25(2):101–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kim J-H, Hill R, Kuncic Z (2012) An evaluation of calculation parameters in the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc Monte Carlo codes and their effect on surface dose calculation. Phys Med Biol 57(14):N267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Love P et al (1998) Comparison of EGS4 and MCNP Monte Carlo codes when calculating radiotherapy depth doses. Phys Med Biol 43(5):1351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Devic S (2011) Radiochromic film dosimetry: past, present, and future. Phys Medica 27(3):122–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kim J-H, Hill R, Kuncic Z (2012) Practical considerations for reporting surface dose in external beam radiotherapy: a 6 MV X-ray beam study. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 35(3):271–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Yu PK, Cheung T, Butson MJ (2003) Variations in skin dose using 6 MV or 18 MV X-ray beams. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 26(2):79–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Butson MJ, Perez MD, Mathur JN, Metcalfe PE (1996) 6 MV X-ray dose in the build up region: empirical model and the incident angle effect. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 19(2):74–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rawlinson JA, Arlen D, Newcombe D (1992) Design of parallel plate ion chambers for build up measurements in megavoltage photon beams. Med Phys 19(3):641–648

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Reynolds TA, Higgins P (2015) Surface dose measurements with commonly used detectors: a consistent thickness correction. J Appl Clin Med Phys 16(5):358–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Butson M, Carroll S, Butson M, Hill R (2017) Characterization of a novel scale maille contralateral breast shield: SMART Armor. J Appl Clin Med Phys 18(5):220–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Morales JE, Hill R, Crowe SB, Kairn T, Trapp JV (2014) A comparison of surface doses for very small field size X-ray beams: Monte Carlo calculations and radiochromic film measurements. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 37:303–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sigamani A, Nambiraj A, Yadav G et al (2016) Surface dose measurements and comparison of unflattened and flattened photon beams. J Med Phys 41:85–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Butson.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

No procedures involving human participants were performed in this study. No procedures involving animals was performed in this study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Butson, M., Butson, E., Morales, J. et al. Skin and build up dose determination for a 2.5 MV medical linear accelerator imaging beam. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 42, 1177–1181 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-019-00792-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-019-00792-z

Keywords

Navigation