Abstract
This paper presents an effective method for enhancing both the mode I (GIC) and mode II (GIIC) interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin (CFRE). For precursor materials, silk fibroin nanofibers (nSF) and rice husk silica were prepared from sustainable resources. Nanocomposite samples were prepared using various loading ratios of the silica and nSF in epoxy resin (EP). Mechanical stirring and sonication techniques were used to prepare homogenous mixtures of silica and nSF in epoxy resin. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry and the Kissinger equation were used to examine and calculate the cure kinetics and activation energy (Ea) of EP and the composite samples. The CFRE sample with hybrid fillers of nSF and silica at the ratio 0.2/20 (wt%/wt%) exhibited the highest GIC, and improved upon the mode-I and mode-II toughness of the pure-resin sample by 36.08% and 30.06%, respectively. Study of the fracture surfaces indicated that adding nSF and silica as fillers increases the energy required to fracture the CFRE.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Meng, Y. Zeng, G. Zhu, J. Zhang, P. Chen, Y. Cheng, Z. Fang, and K. Guo, Polym. Chem. (2019).
S. Liu, Z. Fang, H. Yan, and H. Wang, RSC Adv., 6, 5288 (2016).
C. M. Vu, D. D. Nguyen, L. H. Sinh, T. D. Pham, L. T. Pham, and H. J. Choi, Polym. Test., 61, 150 (2017).
C. M. Vu, L. H. Sinh, D. D. Nguyen, H. V. Thi, and H. J. Choi, Polym. Test., 71, 200 (2018).
A. M. Atta, A. M. El-Saeed, G. M. El-Mahdy, and H. A. Al-Lohedan, RSC Adv., 5, 101923 (2015).
S. Wang, S. Ma, Q. Li, X. Xu, B. Wang, W. Yuan, S. Zhou, S. You, and J. Zhu, Green Chem., 21, 1484 (2019).
H. Gu, C. Ma, J. Gu, J. Guo, X. Yan, J. Huang, Q. Zhang, and Z. Guo, J. Mater. Chem. C, 4, 5890 (2016).
P. Slobodian, S.L. Pertegás, P. Riha, J. Matyas, R. Olejnik, R. Schledjewski, and M. Kovar, Compos. Sci. Technol., 156, 61 (2018).
C. Xiao, Y. Tan, X. Wang, L. Gao, L. Wang, and Z. Qi, Chem. Phys. Lett., 703, 8 (2018).
T. Li, M. Li, Y. Gu, S. Wang, Q. Li, and Z. Zhang, Compos. Sci. Technol., 166, 176 (2018).
N. C. Das, T. K. Chaki, D. Khastgir, and A. Chakraborty, Adv. Polym. Technol., 20, 226 (2001).
P. Bhawal, T. K. Das, S. Ganguly, S. Mondal, R. Ravindren, and N. C. Das, J. Polym. Sci. Appl., 1, 2 (2017).
W. Zhang, X. Deng, G. Sui, and X. Yang, Carbon, 145, 629 (2019).
Z. Zhang, C. Wang, G. Huang, H. Liu, S. Yang, and A. Zhang, J. Hazard. Mater., 357, 73 (2018).
N. Zheng, J. He, J. Gao, Y. Huang, F. Besenbacher, and M. Dong, Mater. Design, 145, 218 (2018).
T. D. Pham, C. M. Vu, and H. J. Choi, Polym. Sci. Ser. A, 59, 437 (2017).
C. M. Vu, T. V. Nguyen, L. T. Nguyen, and H. J. Choi, Polym. Bull., 73, 1373 (2016).
C. M. Vu, L. T. Nguyen, T. V. Nguyen, and H. J. Choi, Polym. Korea, 38, 726 (2014).
A. Ashori, S. Menbari, and R. Bahrami, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 38, 37 (2016).
W. Li, D. Xiang, L. Wang, E. H. Jones, C. Zhao, B. Wang, and Y. Li, RSC Adv., 8, 26910 (2018).
N. Zheng, Y. Huang, H. Y. Liu, J. Gao, and Y. W. Mai, Compos. Sci. Technol., 140, 8 (2017).
N. T. Kamar, L. T. Drzal, A. Lee, and P. Askeland, Polymer, 111, 36 (2017).
M. D. R. Batista and L. T. Drzal, Compos. Sci. Technol., 164, 274 (2018).
A. Klingler, A. Bajpai, and B. Wetzel, Eng. Fract. Mech., 203, 81 (2018).
H. Shin, B. Kim, J. G. Han, M. Y. Lee, J. K. Park, and M. Cho, Compos. Sci. Technol., 145, 173 (2017).
X. Zhao, Y. Li, W. Chen, S. Li, Y. Zhao, and S. Du, Compos. Sci. Technol., 171, 180 (2019).
L. Wang, Y. Tan, H. Wang, L. Gao, and C. Xiao, Chem. Phys. Lett., 699, 14 (2018).
N. T. Kamar and L. T. Drzal, Polymer, 92, 114 (2016).
Y. Zhao, Z. K. Chen, Y. Liu, H. M. Xiao, Q. P. Feng, and S. Y. Fu, Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manufact., 55, 178 (2013).
D. Quan, J. L. Urdániz, and A. Ivanković, Mater. Design, 143, 81 (2018).
J. Cha, G. H. Jun, J. K. Park, J. C. Kim, H. J. Ryu, and S. H. Hong, Compos. B Eng., 129, 169 (2017).
N. C. Adak, S. Chhetri, T. Kuila, N. C. Murmu, P. Samanta, and J. H. Lee, Compos. B Eng., 149, 22 (2018).
W. H. Park, L. Jeong, D. I. Yoo, and S. Hudson, Polymer, 45, 7151 (2004).
S. A. Cervantes, A. Pagán, J. G. Martínez, A. B. Esclapez, T. F. Otero, L. M. Olmo, J. I. Paredes, and J. L. Cenis, Mater. Sci. Eng. C., 79, 315 (2017).
C. M. Vu and H. J. Choi, J. Polym. Plast. Tech. Eng., 55, 1048 (2016).
T. K. Das, S. Ganguly, P. Bhawal, S. Remanan, S. Ghosh, and N. C. Das, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 6, 6989 (2018).
W. Han, S. Chen, J. Campbell, X. Zhang, and Y. Tang, Mater. Chem. Phys., 177, 147 (2016).
H. Y. Liu, G. T. Wang, Y. W. Mai, and Y. Zeng, Compos. B Eng., 42, 2170 (2011).
J. L. Tsai, B. H. Huang, and Y. L. Cheng, Proce. Eng., 14, 1982 (2011).
S. H. Kwon, I. H. Park, C. M. Vu, and H. J Choi, J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. Eng., 95, 432 (2018).
T. D. Pham, C. M. Vu, and H. J. Choi, Polym. Sci. Ser. A, 59, 437 (2017).
H. E. Kissinger, Anal. Chem., 29, 1702 (1957).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Acknowledgments: This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 104.02-2017.15.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vu, C.M., Bach, QV., Vu, H.T. et al. Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin with Sustainable Additives from Silk and Rice Husks for Improved Mode-I and Mode-II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness. Macromol. Res. 28, 33–41 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-020-8010-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-020-8010-7