Buglossoporus Kotl. & Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 20: 82, 1966.
Type species. Buglossoporus quercinus (Schrad.) Kotl. & Pouzar.
Basidiocarps annual, pileate, sessile to substipitate or stipitate, corky to fragile when dry. Pileal surface pink, cinnamon, orange to brown, velutinate or glabrous, azonate. Pore surface white, cream, buff to brown; pores small, round to angular. Context white, cream, buff, orange to brown, corky, thicker than tubes, sometimes with a pellicle at the upper surface. Tubes fragile, thin. Hyphal system dimitic in context, monomitic in trama; generative hyphae with clamp connections, skeletal hyphae thick-walled, IKI–, CB–. Cystidia absent, thin-walled cystidioles usually present. Basidiospores ellipsoid, cylindrical to fusiform, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Usually grows on angiosperm wood and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. Buglossoporus was proposed by Kotlába and Pouzar (1966), it was treated as a synonym of Piptoporus (Ryvarden 1991; Hattori 2000). In our study, Piptoporus is treated as a synonym of Fomitopsis, and Buglossoporus is an independant genus. Phylogenetically, B. quercinus and B. eucalypticola formed a well-supported lineage (Figs. 1 and 2), which was distant from Fomitopsis betulina (= P. betulinus), and closely related to Neolentiporus Rajchenb. However, Neolentiporus has a dimitic hyphal system in trama with irregularly thick-walled generative hyphae and metachromatic skeletal hyphae (Rajchenberg 1995b).
Buglossoporus eucalypticola M.L. Han, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. (Figs. 3a and 4)
MycoBank no.: MB 812644
Holotype.
CHINA. Hainan Prov., Danzhou, Danzhou Tropical Botanical Garden, on dead tree of Eucalyptus, 15 June 2014, Y.C. Dai 13660 (BJFC 017399).
Etymology. eucalypticola (Lat.): refers to growth on Eucalyptus.
Diagnosis. Differing from other Buglossoporus species by its clay-pink to cinnamon pileal surface usually with a pellicle, pinkish buff or clay-buff to dark brown pore surface, and cylindrical to fusiform basidiospores (4.5–6.8 × 2–2.8 μm), and exclusively growing on Eucalyptus.
Fruiting body. Basidiocarps annual, solitary, pileate, usually with a central to lateral stipe. Pileus applanate to slightly convex, flabelliform or semicircular with a series of inward-pointing notches, projecting up to 10 cm, 6.5 cm wide, 7 mm thick at base. Pileal surface peach to brownish orange when fresh, becoming clay-pink to cinnamon when dry, usually with a pellicle, glabrous, azonate, rugose; margin flesh-pink when fresh, becoming cinnamon to dark brown when dry, acute. Pore surface white when fresh, turning pinkish buff or clay-buff to dark brown upon drying, sterile margin indistinct; pores round to angular, 2–6 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire. Context distinctly thicker than tubes, cream to pinkish buff, corky, up to 6.5 mm. Tubes concolourous with pore surface, fragile, very short, up to 0.5 mm long. Stipe glabrous, often with a pellicle, cream to dark brown, up to 16 cm long and 2.7 cm thick, fleshy and flexible when fresh, fragile and light in weight when dry.
Hyphal structure. Hyphal system dimitic in context, monomitic in trama; generative hyphae with clamp connections; skeletal hyphae IKI–, CB–; tissues becoming orange in KOH.
Context. Generative hyphae dominant, hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, interwoven, 3–9 μm in diam.; skeletal hyphae infrequent, thick-walled with a wide lumen, more or less straight, interwoven, 3–4 μm in diam.
Tubes. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, moderately branched, more or less parallel along the tubes, 2–4 μm in diam. Cystidia absent, fusoid cystidioles present, hyaline, thin-walled, 11–34 × 3–4 μm. Basidia clavate, bearing four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 15–36 × 4–6.5 μm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller.
Spores. Basidiospores cylindrical to fusiform, tapering at the apex, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, mostly bearing 1 or 2 guttules, IKI–, CB–, (4–)4.5–6.8(–7) × 2–2.8 μm, L = 5.44 μm, W = 2.35 μm, Q = 2.23–2.4 (n = 60/2).
Additional specimen (paratype) examined.
CHINA. Hainan Prov., Danzhou, Danzhou Tropical Botanical Garden, on dead tree of Eucalyptus, 15 June 2014, Y.C. Dai 13660A (BJFC 017400).
Remarks. Buglossoporus malesianus Corner and B. quercinus also produce annual and pileate basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system in context and monomitic in trama, and cylindrical to fusiform basidiospores, but B. malesianus differs from B. eucalypticola by its dark brown pileal surface without a pellicle, light brown pore surface, and bigger basidiospores (5.5–7 × 2.5–3.2 μm; Hattori 2000); while B. quercinus is separated by its whitish brown pileal surface without a pellicle, bigger basidiospores (6–8 × 2.5–3.5 μm) and grows on Quercus exclusively (Ryvarden and Melo 2014).
Buglossoporus malesianus Corner, Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 78: 165, 1984. (Fig. 3b)
= Piptoporus malesianus (Corner) T. Hatt., Mycoscience 41: 343, 2000.
= Buglossoporus matangensis Corner, Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 78: 172, 1984.
= Buglossoporus rufescens Corner, Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 78: 178, 1984.
Remarks. Hattori (2000) studied the type specimens of Buglossoporus malesianus, B. matangensis and B. rufescens described by Corner and considered the type specimens of B. matangensis and B. rufescens represent B. malesianus, and the former two were treated as synonyms of Piptoporus malesianus. We also examined the types of these three species, and comfirmed the identifications of B. matangensis and B. rufescens as Hattori (2000). We tried to extract DNA from materials of Buglossoporus malesianus, B. matangensis and B. rufescens, but did not success. However, Piptoporus malesianus has annual, pileate, substipitate basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system in context and monomitic in trama, and cylindrical to fusiform basidiospores, which are similar to Buglossoporus quercinus. Therefore, we keep this species in Buglossoporus although without phylogenetic support. Hattori (2000) supplied detailed description for the species.
Specimens examined.
Buglossoporus malesianus. MALAYSIA. Borneo, Mt. Kinabalu, Mesilau, 11 March 1964, RSNB 5747 (holotype, E 00159734). Buglossoporus matangensis. MALAYSIA. Borneo, Sarawak, Gunong Matang, 20 August 1972 (holotype, E 00159655). Buglossoporus rufescens. MALAYSIA. Borneo, Mt. Kinabalu, Mesilau, 19 April 1964, RSNB 8361 (holotype, E 00159656).
Buglossoporus quercinus (Schrad.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 20: 84, 1966. (Fig. 3c)
= Boletus quercinus Schrad., Spicil. fl. germ. 1: 157, 1794.
= Piptoporus quercinus (Schrad.) P. Karst., Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 6: 9, 1881.
Remarks. Karsten (1881a) transferred Boletus quercinus Schrad. into Piptoporus, later Kotlába and Pouzar (1966) established Buglossoporus with B. quercinus as the type species. However, Buglossoporus was treated as a synonym of Piptoporus (Ryvarden 1991; Hattori 2000), and B. quercinus was accepted as P. quercinus. In our study, Piptoporus is treated as a synonym of Fomitopsis, B. quercinus was formed in the Buglossoporus lineage (Figs. 1 and 2), For a detailed description, see Ryvarden and Melo (2014) as Piptoporus quercinus.
Specimens examined.
CZECH REPUBLIC. Hluboka, Bezdrev pond dam, Quercus, 16 June 2014, J. Vlasák 1406/1 (JV). FRANCE. Fontainebleau, Gros-Fouteau, Quercus, 15 September 2001, LY BR 2030 (LY). USA. Cayo District, Pennsylvania, Norristown, Valley Forge, Quercus, 28 June 2009, J. Vlasák 0906/15-J (JV).
Daedalea Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2: 500, 1801.
Type species. Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers.
Basidiocarps mostly perennial, effuse-reflexed or most often pileate, broadly sessile, coriaceous to corky or hard corky when dry. Pileal surface smooth to velutinate, often concentrically zonate and sulcate. Hymenophore surface ochraceous to dark-brown or grey, hymenophores irregular, labyrinthine/daedaleoid to lamellate, hydnoid or poroid. Context more or less brownish, sometimes with a cuticle or crust at the upper surface. Tubes coriaceous to corky or hard corky. Hyphal system dimitic with more or less branched skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae with clamp connections, skeletal hyphae colorless to pale yellow or pale brown, thick-walled, IKI–, CB–. Catahymenium present or not. Cystidia occasionally present, thin-walled cystidioles usually present. Basidiospores cylindrical to ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Usually grows on angiosperm wood and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. Daedalea, typified by D. quercina, was originally established by Persoon (1801), then it was treated as a collective genus for all species with a daedaleoid to labyrinthine hymenophore (Fries 1821). During the last century, more microscopic and chemical characters were applied in taxonomy, many Daedalea species have been transferred to other genera (Singer 1944; Donk 1966; Ryvarden 1984). Recently, a few species were described in the genus based on morphological characters and molecular data (Lindner et al. 2011; Li and Cui 2013; Han et al. 2015). Currently, the genus is restricted to species with the above definition.
In our six-loci phylogenetic study (Fig. 2), Daedalea dickinsii Yasuda, D. quercina, D. circularis B.K. Cui & Hai J. Li, D. sprucei Berk., D. hydnoides I. Lindblad & Ryvarden and D. stevensonii Petr. grouped together with high support (100 % BS, 100 % MP, 1.00 BPP); D. allantoidea, a new species described from China, clustered with D. americana M.L. Han, Vlasák & B.K. Cui and D. modesta (Kunze ex Fr.) Aoshima (77 % BS, 98 % MP, 1.00 BPP); two samples of D. radiata B.K. Cui & Hai J. Li formed a separate lineage (100 % BS, 100 % MP, 1.00 BPP). These ten species together with D. dochmia (Berk. & Broome) T. Hatt. and D. africana I. Johans. & Ryvarden share similar morphological characters and form the core group of Daedalea sensu stricto (98 % BS, 86 % MP, 1.00 BPP).
Another three species, Daedalea neotropica D.L. Lindner, Ryvarden & T.J. Baroni, D. pseudodochmia (Corner) T. Hatt. and D. stereoides Fr. also produce pileate, mostly perennial, coriaceous to corky or hard corky basidiocarps, irregular, labyrinthine/daedaleoid to poroid hymenophores, ochraceous to pale cinnamon or cork-colored hymenophore surface, brownish context, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and more or less branched skeletal hyphae and cylindrical to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (Ryvarden and Johansen 1980; Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Lindner et al. 2011). These species were not included in our phylogeny (Fig. 2) because of lacking of multi-gene sequences of ITS + nLSU + nSSU + mtSSU + tef1 + rpb2. However, they clustered into Daedalea s. s. inferred from sequences data of ITS + nLSU + rpb2 sequences (Fig. 1). Therefore, D. neotropica, D. pseudodochmia and D. stereoides are also recognized in Daedalea s. s.
Specimens examined.
Daedalea africana. KENYA. Kwale Distr. Shimba Hills, Makadara Forest, 14 February 1973, L. Ryvarden 16485 (holotype, O); Buda Forest, 25 Auguest 1966, R. Cain, H.D. Griffin, J.C. Krug (O 15372). Daedalea americana. COSTA RICA. Rincon de la Vieja, Las Pilas Ranger Station, on angiosperm trunk, 1 August 2014, J. Vlasák 1408/3 (paratype, BJFC 018299; JV). USA. Florida, Miami, Matheson Hammock, on angiosperm trunk, 19 April 2009, J. Vlasák 0904/20 (holotype, BJFC 015575; JV) & J. Vlasák 0904/19 (paratype, BJFC 15574; JV); 24 December 2003, J. Vlasák 0312/24.7-J (paratype, BJFC 015573; JV). Daedalea circularis. CHINA. Guangdong Prov., Heyuan, Daguishan Forest Park, on angiosperm stump, 18 August 2011, B.K. Cui 10125 (paratype, BJFC 011019) & B.K. Cui 10134 (paratype, BJFC 011028); Yunnan Prov., Mengla County, Wangtianshu Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 2 November 2009, B.K. Cui 8488 (holotype, BJFC 006977). Daedalea dickinsii. CHINA. Shanxi Prov., Qinshui County, Lishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 20 October 2004, H.S. Yuan 1090 (BJFC 000525); Zhouzhi County, Taibaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 24 October 2006, H.S. Yuan 2685 (BJFC 000526) & H.S. Yuan 2707 (BJFC 000527). Daedalea hydnoides. COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, Guanacaste National Park, Cacao, on dead deciduous wood, 3 November 1997, I. Lindblad 3679 (isotype, O 14083). Daedalea modesta. CHINA. Guangdong Prov., Heyuan, Daguishan Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 18 August 2011, B.K. Cui 10124 (BJFC 011018); Guangzhou, Tianluhu Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 19 August 2011, B.K. Cui 10151 (BJFC 011046); Hainan Prov., Ledong County, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Cyclobalanopsis, 11 May 2009, Y.C. Dai 10844 (BJFC 005086). MALAYA. Pahang, Tembeling, on a fallen dead trunk in secondary forest, 18 November 1930, Record No. 194261 (type, E). Daedalea pseudodochmia. MALAYSIA. Borneo, Mt. Kinabalu, on a living tree in montane forest, 14 June 1961 (type, E 00430837). Daedalea quercina. CZECH REPUBLIC. Lednice Vallage Castce Park, on fallen trunk of Quercus, 6 May 2011, Y.C. Dai 12152 (BJFC 012670). FINLAND. Helsinki, Vantaa, Tamisto Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Quercus, 5 November 2011, Y.C. Dai 12659 (BJFC 012240). SWEDEN. Götebory, Ryvaskog Nat. Park, on stump of Quercus, 21 August 1996, Y.C. Dai 2260 (BJFC 000536). Daedalea radiata. CHINA. Yunnan Prov., Mengla County, Wangtianshu Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 16 September 2007, H.S. Yuan 3629 (holotype, IFP 013864; BJFC 012960); 2 November 2009, B.K. Cui 8575 (paratype, BJFC 007064); 3 November 2009, B.K. Cui 8624 (paratype, BJFC 007113). Daedalea sprucei. CHINA. Taiwan, Kuraru in Keshun, January 1909, Kusano (O 10546). CUBA. Pinar del Rio, Sierra del Rosario, on Guazuma, 18 February 1976, L. Ortiz (O 10547). Daedalea stereoides. COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, Finca Rio Naranjo, in bosque ripario, 10 April 2000, I. Lopez 1243 (O 14081). Daedalea stevensonii. MALAYSIA. Borneo, Mt. Kinabalu, 29 April 1932 (O 10543).
Daedalea allantoidea M.L. Han, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. (Figs. 3d, e and 5)
MycoBank no.: MB 812643
Holotype.
CHINA. Yunnan Prov., Jinghong, Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 22 October 2013, Y.C. Dai 13612A (BJFC 015075).
Etymology. allantoidea (Lat.): refers to the allantoid basidiospores.
Diagnosis. Differing from other Daedalea species by its annual, pileate basidiocarps, pinkish buff to cinnamon buff or pale mouse-grey pileal surface, light clay-buff to fawn pore surface with large pores (1–3 per mm), a catahymenium formed by skeletal hyphae and allantoid basidiospores.
Fruiting body. Basidiocarps annual, pileate, imbricate, corky, without odor or taste when fresh, hard corky and light in weight upon drying. Pileus conchate or triquetrous, projecting up to 4.4 cm, 2.5 cm wide, 9 mm thick at base. Pileal surface pinkish buff to cinnamon buff or pale mouse-grey, glabrous to tuberculate, slightly zonate and radially streaked; margin pinkish buff to clay-buff, acute. Pore surface light clay-buff to fawn; pores round to angular or elongated, 1–3 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire. Context cream, hard corky, up to 5 mm thick. Tubes pinkish buff to salmon, corky, up to 4 mm long.
Hyphal structure. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections; skeletal hyphae IKI–, CB–; tissues becoming brown in KOH.
Context. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, moderately branched, 2–3.5 μm in diam.; skeletal hyphae dominant, colorless, thick-walled with a wide or narrow lumen, sometimes subsolid, occasionally branched, interwoven, 2–5 μm in diam.
Tubes. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, moderately branched, 1.5–3.5 μm in diam.; skeletal hyphae dominant, colorless, thick-walled with a wide or narrow lumen, sometimes subsolid, occasionally branched, interwoven, 2–4 μm in diam. Cystidia absent, sometimes skeletal hyphae penetrating into the hymenium, and forming a catahymenium with cystidia-like, thinning out or rounded and thick-walled apices; fusoid cystidioles present, hyaline, thin-walled, 13–19 × 3.5–4.5 μm. Basidia infrequent, clavate, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 18–21 × 4.5–5 μm; basidioles dominant, in shape similar to basidia, but smaller.
Spores. Basidiospores allantoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, (4.5–)4.6–6(–6.2) × (1.9–)2–2.8(–3.2) μm, L = 5.15 μm, W = 2.32 μm, Q = 2.22 (n = 50/1).
Additional specimen (paratype) examined.
CHINA. Yunnan Prov., Jinghong, Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 16 August 2005, H.S. Yuan 1710A (IFP 012955).
Remarks. Daedalea dickinsii produce pileate basidiocarps, similar colored pileal surface and pore surface, similar sized pores and basidiospores with D. allantoidea, but D. dickinsii differs by a perennial growth habit, broadly concentrically sulcate pileal surface and cylindrical basidiospores, and it grows mostly on wood of Quercus in temperate areas (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001).
Daedalea quercina resembles D. allantoidea by having a catahymenium formed by skeletal hyphae and similar sized basidiospores (5.5–6 × 2.5–3.5 μm), but it differs by a perennial growth habit, poroid to daedaleoid or almost lamellate hymenophore and more or less ellipsoid basidioapores (Niemelä 2005).
Daedalea modesta and D. americana also have annual, pileate basidiocarps and poroid hymenophore, but D. modesta has smaller pores (6–10 per mm) and smaller and cylindrical basidioapores (4.5–6 × 1.5–2 μm; Ryvarden and Johansen 1980), D. americana differs in smaller pores (4–5 per mm), and smaller and ellipsoid basidiospores (4–5.1 × 2.1–3 μm; Han et al. 2015).
Fomitopsis P. Karst., Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 6: 9, 1881.
Type species. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst.
Basidiocarps annual to perennial, mostly sessile, occasionally effused-reflexed or substipitate, soft, corky, tough to woody. Pileal surface white to greyish, yellowish or brown, velutinate to glabrous, concentrically sulcate or not. Pore surface white, cream to greyish or tan; pores mostly small, round to angular. Context white to greyish or straw, fibrous to corky, sometimes with a thin crust or cuticle at the upper surface. Hyphal system mostly dimitic with more or less branched skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae with clamp connections, skeletal hyphae colorless to pale grey, thick-walled with a narrow lumen to subsolid, IKI–, CB–. Cystidia occasionally present, thin-walled cystidioles usually present. Basidiospores cylindrical to ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Grows on angiosperm wood or gymnosperm wood, and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. In our six-loci phylogenetic study (Fig. 2), Fomitopsis durescens (Overh.) Gilb. & Ryvarden, F. nivosa (Berk.) Gilb. & Ryvarden, F. palustris (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gilb. & Ryvarden, F. iberica Melo & Ryvarden and F. hemitephra (Berk.) G. Cunn. grouped together forming a fully supported subgroup (100 % BS, 100 % MP, 1.00 BPP). Fomitopsis cana B.K. Cui, Hai J. Li & M.L. Han, F. meliae (Underw.) Gilb and F. subtropica B.K. Cui, Hai J. Li & M.L. Han formed a subgroup with only weak support (56 % BS). Four samples of Piptoporus betulinus from China and Finland formed a highly supported subgroup (100 % BS, 100 % MP, 1.00 BPP), and then grouped with Fomitopsis pinicola. The above species subsequently clustered together forming a monophyletic lineage, namely Fomitopsis s. s., with high support (91 % BS, 96 % MP, 1.00 BPP). These ten species share similar morphological characters and form the core group of Fomitopsis. We did not get any sample of F. ostreiformis (Berk.) T. Hatt., but F. ostreiformis has annual, sessile or effuse-reflexed basidiocarps, greyish pileal surface, white or greyish white pore surface, white to brownish and fibrous-corky context, a dimitic hyphal system with more or less branched skeletal hyphae, and cylindrical basidiospores (De 1981; Hattori 2003). In addition, F. ostreiformis clustered with F. durescens, F. iberica, F. nivosa, F. hemitephra and F. palustris in Fomitopsis s. s. based on phylogeny of ITS + nLSU + rpb2 sequences (Fig. 1). Therefore, F. ostreiformis is also included in Fomitopsis s. s.
Specimens examined.
Fomitopsis cana. CHINA. Hainan Prov., Qiongzhong County, Limushan Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 24 May 2008, Y.C. Dai 9611 (holotype, BJFC 013033); Chengmai County, on dead part of living Delonix, 6 May 2009, B.K. Cui 6239 (paratype, BJFC 004095). Fomitopsis durescens. USA. West Elkton, Ohio, on Fagus stump, 28 July 1917, L.O. Overholts 4215 (type, PAC). VENEZUELA. Esta. Aragua Rancho Grande res. Station, Parque Nac. Henri Pittier, 14 April 1999, L. Ryvarden 41410 (O 10796). Fomitopsis hemitephra. AUSTRALIA. New South Wales, on trunk of living tree in rainforest, 11 February 1984, R. Covering 18 (O 10808); Victoria, Tarra Valley, on indet wood, 29 February 1976, D.A. Reid (K 88939). Fomitopsis iberica. ITALY. Parco della Calabria, on Pinus, 7 November 1988, A. Bernicchia n4937 (O 10811). PORTUGAL. Beira Litoral, Pinhal do Urso, Lago de Evredeira, 9 November 1999, on Pinus, A. Hausknecht & R. Reinwald (O 10810). Fomitopsis meliae. BRITAIN. Virgin Island (British), Tortola, Sage Mountain, main trail to National Park, on trunk, 6 October 2001, P.J. Roberts GA863 (K 109430). CHINA. Hainan Prov., Ledong County, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, on angiosperm, 3 June 2008, Y.C. Dai 10035 (IFP 008212). Fomitopsis nivosa. BRAZIL. Paraibo, João Pessoa, on wood, 11 July 1960, R. singer B3372 (K 8422). CHINA. Guangxi Autonomous Region, Yangshuo County, on Prunus, September 2005, J. Vlasák 0509/52-X (JV). GUATEMALA. Laguna Chicabal, hardwood, 19 November 2006, J. Vlasák 0611/6B-Kout (JV). USA. Florida, Pinelands Trail, Everglades National Park, on hardwood, 21 December 2003, J. Vlasák 0312/21.8-J (JV). Fomitopsis palustris. CHINA. Guangdong Prov., Ruyang County, Nanling Nature Reserve, on living angiosperm tree, 16 September 2009, B.K. Cui 7597 (BJFC 006085) & B.K. Cui 7615 (BJFC 006103). USA. Louisiana, Louisiana State University campus, on Ligustrum, 6 July 1986, R.L. Gilbertson 14757 (O 16323). Fomitopsis pinicola. BELGIUM. Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, on dead tree of Betula, 3 December 2005, Y.C. Dai 7454 (BJFC 015595). CHINA. Yunnan Prov., Lanping County, Changyanshan Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Picea, 18 September 2011, B.K. Cui 10312 (BJFC 011207). FINLAND. Helsinki,Vantaa, Tamisto Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Picea, 16 August 2012, Y.C. Dai 12870 (BJFC 013150). ITALY. Roma, Trentino Altoadie, Trento, Molveno, on stump of Picea, 28 April 2005, Y.C. Dai 6553 (IFP 002353). Fomitopsis subtropica. CHINA. Guangdong Prov., Guangzhou, Tianluhu Forest Park, on fallen trunk of Castanopsis, 19 August 2011, B.K. Cui 10154 (holotype, BJFC 011049); Maofengshan Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 19 August 2011, B.K. Cui 10140 (paratype, BJFC 011035); Guangxi Autonomous Region, Jinxiu County, Lianhua Mountain, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 24 August 2011, B.K. Cui 10578 (paratype, BJFC 011473); Zhejiang Prov., Taishun County, Wuyanling Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 22 August 2011, B.K. Cui 10181 (paratype, BJFC 011076).
Fomitopsis betulina (Bull.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3f)
MycoBank no.: MB 812646
Basionym. Boletus betulinus Bull., Herbier de la France 7: t. 312, 1787.
= Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) P. Karst., Revue Mycologique Toulouse 3: 17, 1881.
Piptoporus betulinus is the type species of Piptoporus (Karsten 1881b), it shares the morphological characters with Fomitopsis s. s.: annual, pileate basidiocarps, white to cream or tan pore surface with regular pores and contex, a thin cuticle at the upper surface, a dimitic hyphal systems with clamped generative hyphae and more or less branched skeletal hyphae, cylindric to slightly allantoid, hyaline and smooth basidiospores which are negative in Melzer’s reagent (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1986b; Ryvarden and Melo 2014). In our study, it is closely related to Fomitopsis pinicola and grouped into the Fomitopsis s. s. clade. Therefore, Piptoporus betulinus is transferred to Fomitopsis. For a detailed description of P. betulinus, see Ryvarden and Melo (2014).
Specimens examined.
Fomitopsis betulina
.
CHINA. Jilin Prov., Tumen County, Xiaohelong Forest Farm, on living tree of Betula, 10 October 2009, Y.C. Dai 11449 (BJFC 007319); Sichuan Prov., Xiaojin County, Jiajin Mountains, on fallen trunk of Betula, 17 October 2012, B.K. Cui 10756 (BJFC 013678); Yunnan Prov., Lanping County, Changyanshan Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Betula, 18 September 2011, B.K. Cui 10309 (BJFC 011204). FINLAND. Helsinki, Vantaa, Tamisto Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Betula, 5 November 2011, Y.C. Dai 12665 (BJFC 012246); Pohjois Karjala, Patvinsuo Nat. Park, on fallen trunk of Betula, 2 August 1995, Y.C. Dai 1953 (BJFC 001941).
Fragifomes B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, gen. nov.
MycoBank no.: MB 812649
Type species. Fragifomes niveomarginatus (L.W. Zhou & Y.L. Wei) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai.
Etymology. Fragifomes (Lat.): refers to the fragile and layered basidiocarps.
Diagnosis. Differing from Fomitopsis s. s. by its soft corky to fragile basidiocarps.
Basidiocarps perennial, sessile, soft coky when fresh, fragile upon drying. Pileal surface white, greyish white or greyish brown, smooth, indistinctly sulcate or zoned. Pore surface white when fresh, becoming yellowish brown upon drying, shinning; pores small, round. Context cream, fragile, usually with a thin crust at the upper surface. Tubes fragile, distinctly stratified. Hyphal system dimitic with more or less branched skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae with clamp connections, skeletal hyphae colorless to yellowish, IKI–, CB–. Cystidia absent, thin-walled cystidioles present. Basidiospores oblong-ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Usually grows on angiosperm wood and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. In our study, two samples of F. niveomarginata formed a single lineage (Figs. 1 and 2), which was distant from Fomitopsis s. s. Morphologically, Fragifomes differs from Fomitopsis s. s. by its soft corky to fragile basidiocarps.
Fragifomes niveomarginatus (L.W. Zhou & Y.L. Wei) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3g)
MycoBank no.: MB 812650
Basionym. Fomitopsis niveomarginata L.W. Zhou & Y.L. Wei, Mycological Progress 11: 437, 2012.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis niveomarginata, see Zhou and Wei (2012).
Specimens examined.
CHINA. Jinlin Prov., Antu County, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, Huangsongpu, on rotten wood of Tilia, 14 September 2007, Y.C. Dai 9175 (holotype, IFP 015643); on fallen angiosperm branch, 24 August 2007, Y.L. Wei 3072 (paratype, IFP 015647); on fallen branch of Acer, 14 July 2010, Y.L. Wei 5583 (paratype, IFP 015648); Fusong County, Lushuihe Forest Farm, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 11 August 2011, B.K. Cui 10108 (BJFC 011001).
Niveoporofomes B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, gen. nov.
MycoBank no.: MB 812651
Type species. Niveoporofomes spraguei (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai.
Etymology. Niveoporofomes (Lat.): refers to the white pore surface and layered basidiocarps.
Diagnosis. Differing from Fomitopsis s. s. by its annual basidiocarps, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores.
Basidiocarps annual, sessile, tough when fresh and hard corky upon drying. Pileal surface ivory white to ochraceous or black brown, azonate, appressed-strigose to glabrous, smooth or rugose. Pore surface white when fresh, becoming cream to buff or pale buff brown upon drying; pores round to angular. Context white to ochraceous, tough-corky. Hyphal system dimitic with frequently branched skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae with clamp connections, skeletal hyphae colorless, IKI–, CB–. Cystidia absent, thin-walled cystidioles present. Basidiospores ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Grows on angiosperm wood and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. Three samples of Niveoporofomes spraguei from France, USA and China formed a single lineage with a high support (Figs. 1 and 2), and was distinct from Fomitopsis s. s. Morphologically, Niveoporofomes differs from Fomitopsis s. s. in its annual growth habit and ovoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores.
Niveoporofomes spraguei (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3h)
MycoBank no.: MB 812652
Basionym. Polyporus spraguei Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 1: 50, 1872.
= Fomitopsis spraguei (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gilb. & Ryvarden, Mycotaxon 22: 364, 1985.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis spraguei, see Ryvarden and Melo (2014).
Specimens examined.
CHINA. Guangdong Prov., Zhaoqing, Dinghushan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 30 June 2010, B.K. Cui 8969 (BJFC 007907); Hunan Prov., Zhangjiajie Forest Park, on dead tree of Castanea, 17 August 2010, Y.C. Dai 11676 (BJFC 008800). FRANCE. Lons, 27 September 2012, 4638 (BJFC 013985). USA. Pennsylvania, Little Falls, Promissed Land State Park, on Quercus, 19 September 2010, J. Vlasák 1009/46 (JV); Schwenksville, Spring Mountain, on Quercus, 4 September 2008, J. Vlasák 0809/20 (JV); Tennessee, Cove Hardwood Nature Trail, Great Smoky Mountain, on angiosperm, 6 September 2005, J. Vlasák 0509/62 (JV).
Piptoporellus B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, gen. nov.
MycoBank no.: MB 812653
Type species. Piptoporellus soloniensis (Dubois) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai.
Etymology. Piptoporellus (Lat.): resembling Piptoporus.
Diagnosis. Differing from Piptoporus by its thick-walled with a distinct wide lumen skeletal hyphae, and cylindrical to ellipsoid basidiospores.
Basidiocarps annual, pileate, substipitate, corky or soft fibrous upon drying. Pileal surface cream, buff, cinnamon to orange, velutinate or glabrous, azonate. Pore surface cream, buff, yellow to light brown; pores small, round to angular. Context cream to pinkish buff, corky or soft fibrous, thicker than tubes. Tubes fibrous to fragile. Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with clamp connections, skeletal hyphae thick-walled with a distinctly wide lumen, occasionally branced, IKI–, CB–; generative hyphae and skeletal hyphae mostly dissolved in KOH. Cystidia absent, thin-walled cystidioles present or absent. Basidiospores cylindrical to ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Usually grows on angiosperm wood and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. In our study, Piptoporus soloniensis (Dubois) Pilát was clustered with two new species from China and formed a highly supported lineage (Figs. 1 and 2) in the antrodia clade. Piptoporus is treated as a synonym of Fomitopsis, therefore, Piptoporellus gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate P. soloniensis and the two new species from China, described below.
Piptoporellus resembles Laetiporus Murrill by sharing annual, pileate to stipitate, corky to fragile basidiocarps, orange pileal surface, cream to yellow pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system and thin-walled basidiospores (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001). But Laetiporus differs in simple-septate generative hyphae and ovoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001).
Piptoporellus hainanensis M.L. Han, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. (Figs. 3i, j and 6)
MycoBank no.: MB 812654
Holotype.
CHINA. Hainan Prov., Ledong County, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, on angiosperm stump, 17 June 2014, Y.C. Dai 13714 (BJFC 017451).
Etymology. hainanensis (Lat.): refers to the type locality, Hainan Province in China.
Diagnosis. Differing from other Piptoporellus species by its cream to buff pileal surface and lacking cystidia or other sterile hymenial elements.
Fruiting body. Basidiocarps annual, pileate, with a lateral base, solitary, corky, without odor or taste when fresh, hard corky and light in weight upon drying. Pileus dimidiate, flabelliform or semicircular, applanate to convex, projecting up to 9 cm, 7.8 cm wide, 1.7 cm thick at base. Pileal surface cream to buff, glabrous, azonate, radially streaked; margin cream, acute, incurved. Pore surface cream to buff or yellow, shinning; sterile margin indistinct; pores round to angular or irregular, 4–5 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire. Context cream, hard corky, up to 1.1 cm thick. Tubes paler than or concolourous with pore surface, fragile, up to 6 mm long.
Hyphal structure. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, mostly dissolved in KOH; skeletal hyphae IKI–, CB–, mostly dissolved in KOH; tissues becoming orange in KOH.
Context. Generative hyphae infrequently, hyaline, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 2.5–4 μm in diam.; skeletal hyphae dominant, colorless, thick-walled with a distinctly wide lumen, occasionally branched, flexuous, interwoven, 2–9 μm in diam.
Tubes. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 2.5–4 μm in diam.; skeletal hyphae dominant, colorless, thick-walled with a wide lumen, rarely branched, flexuous, interwoven, 2–4 μm in diam. Cystidia or other sterile hymenial structures absent. Basidia clavate, bearing four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 10–17 × 4–5 μm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but distinctly smaller.
Spores. Basidiospores cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid, tapering at apiculus, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, 4–5 × 2–2.8(–3) μm, L = 4.51 μm, W = 2.37 μm, Q = 1.87–1.91 (n = 60/2).
Additional specimen (paratype) examined.
CHINA. Hainan Prov., Ledong County, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 17 June 2014, Y.C. Dai 13725 (BJFC 017462).
Remarks. Three species in the genus so far, Piptoporellus triqueter differs from P. hainanensis by buff-yellow or salmon to brownish orange pileal surface and presence of cystidioles, P. soloniensis differs by cream to cinnamon or light orange pileal surface and presence of cystidioles.
Piptoporellus soloniensis (Dubois) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3l)
MycoBank no.: MB 812656
Basionym. Agaricus soloniensis Dubois, Méth. éprouv. (Orleans): 177, 1803.
= Piptoporus soloniensis (Dubois) Pilát, in Kavina & Pilát, Atlas Champ. l’Europe (Praha) 3: 126, 1937.
Remarks. One specimen of Piptoporellus soloniensis (LY BR 5463), which was collected from the type locality in France was examined. It is characterized by cream to cinnamon or light orange pileal surface, cream to buff or honey-yellow, shinning pore surface with large pores (2–4 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system with narrower contextual generative hyphae (2–5 μm) and skeletal hyphae (2–5 μm), thin-walled, fusoid cystidioles and cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores (4–6 × 2.5–3.5 μm). While the Chinese specimens have relatively smaller pores (3–6 per mm) and smaller basidiospores (4.5–5.5 × 2–3 μm). For a detailed description of P. soloniensis, see Ryvarden and Melo (2014).
Specimens examined.
CHINA. Anhui Prov., Huangshan Mountain, on stump of Castanopsis, 21 October 2010, Y.C. Dai 11872 (BJFC 008975); Fujian Prov., Fuzhou, Fuzhou Botanical Garden, on dead angiosperm tree, 28 October 2013, Y.C. Dai 11386 (BJFC 015502); Jiangxi Prov., Yingtan, Longhu Mountain, on living tree of Castanea, 5 October 2008, B.K. Cui 5952 (BJFC 003808); Zhejiang Prov., Longquan, Tiantang Mountain, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 29 August 2013, B.K. Cui 11389 (BJFC 015505); Qingyuan County, Baishanzu Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 14 September 2013, B.K. Cui 11390 (BJFC 015506). FRANCE. Montirac, Lagarde Viaur rive gauche du Viaur, on Castanea, 27 May 2014, LY BR 5463 (LY).
Piptoporellus triqueter M.L. Han, B.K. Cui, & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. (Figs. 3k and 7)
MycoBank no.: MB 812655
Holotype.
CHINA. Yunnan Prov., Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Castanopsis, 29 October 2012, Y.C. Dai 13121 (BJFC 013339).
Etymology. triqueter (Lat.): refers to the triquetrous shape of longitudinal section of fruiting body.
Diagnosis. Differing from other Piptoporellus species by buff-yellow or salmon to brownish orange pileal surface, wide skeletal hyphae (2.5–7 μm in trama, 3–11 μm in context), and ellipsoid basidiospores (4–6 × 2.8–3.1 μm).
Fruiting body. Basidiocarps annual, pileate, sessile, solitary, corky, without odor or taste when fresh, fragile and light in weight upon drying. Pileus triquetrous, projecting up to 3.5 cm, 2.3 cm wide, 1.5 cm thick at base. Pileal surface buff-yellow or salmon to brownish orange, glabrous, azonate; margin salmon to brownish orange, acute. Pore surface cream or buff to light brown; sterile margin distinct, up to 7 mm wide, cream to brownish orange; pores round to angular, 3–4 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire. Context distinctly thicker than tubes, cream to pinkish buff, corky, up to 1.45 cm thick. Tubes concolourous with pore surface, fragile, up to 0.5 mm long.
Hyphal structure. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, mostly dissolved in KOH; skeletal hyphae IKI–, CB–, mostly dissolved in KOH; tissues becoming reddish brown in KOH.
Context. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, rarely branched, 3–7 μm in diam.; skeletal hyphae dominant, colorless, thick-walled with a wide lumen, occasionally with a narrow lumen to subsolid, rarely branched, flexuous, interwoven, 3–11 μm in diam.
Tubes. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, 2–5 μm in diam.; skeletal hyphae dominant, colorless, thick-walled with a distinctly wide or narrow lumen, occasionlly branched, flexuous, interwoven, 2.5–7 μm in diam. Cystidia absent, fusoid cystidioles present, hyaline, thin-walled, 13–21 × 3–4 μm. Basidia clavate, bearing four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 15–26 × 4.8–7 μm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller.
Spores. Basidiospores ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, 4–6 × (2.5–)2.8–3.1(–3.2) μm, L = 4.92 μm, W = 2.96 μm, Q = 1.66 (n = 60/1).
Remarks. Piptoporellus soloniensis may be confused with P. triqueter by sharing similar sized pores, a dimitic hyphal system, and similar sized ellipsoid basidiospores, but P. soloniensis differs in cream to cinnamon or light orange pileal surface and narrower skeletal hyphae (2–5 μm) in context.
Additional specimen (paratype) examined.
CHINA. Guangdong Prov., Fengkai County, Heishiding Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood, 21 October 2014, F. Li 1896 (BJFC 019281).
Rhodofomes Kotl. & Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 44: 235, 1990.
Type species. Rhodofomes rosea (Alb. & Schwein.) Kotl. & Pouzar.
Basidiocarps perennial, mostly sessile, leathery when fresh, hard corky when dry. Pileal surface rose-pink, brown or black, velutinate or glabrous, mostly strongly zonate and sulcate. Pore surface pinkish to vinaceous when fresh, clay-pink to brownish vinaceous when dry; pores small, round to angular. Context whitish pink, pinkish brown or brown, hard corky, sometimes with a thin crust at the upper surface. Tubes distinctly stratified. Hyphal system dimitic with more or less branched skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae with clamp connections, skeletal hyphae colorless to pale yellow or pale brown, thick-walled with a narrow lumen to subsolid, IKI–, CB–. Cystidia absent, thin-walled cystidioles usually present. Basidiospores cylindrical to ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Grows on both gymnosperm and angiosperm wood, and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. According to Nobles (1971), Fomitopsis cajanderi was closely related to the species of Daedalea s. s. sharing several important morphological characters. After Nobles’ view, Donk (1974) suggested the removal of F. cajanderi from Fomitopsis and its inclusion into Daedalea or any other related group. Subsequently, a new genus, Rhodofomes Kotl. & Pouzar, was proposed by Kotlába and Pouzar (1990, 1998) with R. rosea (Alb. & Schwein.) Kotl. & Pouzar as type species. But the concept of the genus has been controversial and remained insufficiently resolved (Kim eat al. 2005, 2007; Ortiz-Santana et al. 2013; Han et al. 2014; Ryvarden and Melo 2014). In our study, species of Rhodofomes formed a well-supported lineage (Figs. 1 and 2), which was distant from Fomitopsis s. s., and closely related to species of Antrodia serialis (Fr.) Donk group Rubellofomes and Niveoporofomes. However, Antrodia serialis group has mostly resupinate to effused-reflexed basidiocarps, white, cream to wood-colored pore surface and a dimitic hyphal system with mostly unbranched skeletal hyphae (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Ryvarden and Melo 2014); Rubellofomes has white to cream or purple pink pore surface when fresh, which becoming straw yellow to cinnamon brown when dry; Niveoporofomes has soft coky to fragile basidiocarps, white pore surface when fresh, which becoming yellowish brown upon drying and cream context. Thus, Rhodofomes is recognized as an independent genus, and five species including four new combinations are proposed in the genus.
Rhodofomes cajanderi (P. Karst.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3m)
MycoBank no.: MB 812657
Basionym. Fomes cajanderi P. Karst., Finl. Basidsvamp. 46: 8, 1904.
= Fomitopsis cajanderi (P. Karst.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 11: 157, 1957.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis cajanderi, see Carranza-Morse and Gilbertson (1986) and Ryvarden and Melo (2014).
Specimens examined.
CHINA. Heilongjiang Prov., Yichun, Fenglin Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Picea, 2 August 2011, B.K. Cui 9879 (BJFC 010772); B.K. Cui 9888 (BJFC 010781); Jilin Prov., Antu County, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Picea, 12 December 2007, Y.C.Dai 9024 (BJFC 000701). USA. Virginia, Woodbrige, Mason Neck State Park, on Pinus, October 2004, J. Vlasák 0410/14a,b-J (JV).
Rhodofomes carneus (Blume & T. Nees) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3n)
MycoBank no.: MB 812658
Basionym. Fomes carneus Blume & T. Nees, Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum 13: 15, 1826.
= Fomitopsis carnea (Blume & T. Nees) Imazeki, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 6: 92, 1943.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis carnea, see Ryvarden and Johansen (1980) and Carranza-Morse and Gilbertson (1986).
Specimens examined.
JAPAN. Mt. Fujii, on Prunus, 19 October 1947, Imazeki 1836 (O 10789). TANZANIA. Arusha Province, Arusha National Park, Ngurdoto crater, 10 August 1966 (O 15519); Mountain Meru E, 8 February 1973, L. Ryvarden 10118 (O 15520).
Rhodofomes incarnatus (K.M. Kim, J.S. Lee & H.S. Jung) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3o)
MycoBank no.: MB 812659
Basionym. Fomitopsis incarnatus K.M. Kim, J.S. Lee & H.S. Jung, Mycologia 99: 835, 2007.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis incarnatus, see Kim et al. (2007).
Specimens examined.
CHINA. Henan Prov., Neixiang County, Baotianman Nature Reserve, on rotten wood of Quercus, 23 September 2009, Y.C. Dai 11325 (BJFC 007471); Shaanxi Prov., Zhouzhi County, Taibaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Quercus, 24 October 2006, H.S. Yuan 2653 (IFP 001823); Yunnan Prov., Lanping County, Tongdian, Luoguqing, on fallen trunk of Quercus, 19 September 2011, B.K. Cui 10348 (BJFC 011243).
Rhodofomes rosea (Alb. & Schwein.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 44: 235, 1990. (Fig. 3p)
Basionym. Boletus roseus Alb. & Schwein., Consp. fung. (Leipzig): 251, 1805.
= Fomitopsis rosea (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Karst., Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 6: 9, 1881.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis rosea, see Carranza-Morse and Gilbertson (1986) and Ryvarden and Melo (2014).
Specimens examined.
CHINA. Sichuan Prov., Jiuzhaigou County, Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Picea, 12 October 2012, B.K. Cui 10633 (BJFC 013558); Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Jimusa’er County, Tianchi Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of Picea, 25 August 2004, Y.L. Wei 1689 (IFP 001906); Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi County, Lulang, on fallen trunk of Abies, 16 September 2010, B.K. Cui 9278 (BJFC 008217); Yunnan Prov., Xianggelila County, Pudacuo national park, on fallen trunk of Abies, 24 September 2011, B.K. Cui 10520 (BJFC 011415). CZECH REPUBLIC. Cervene Blato, Bor, on Picea, 22 October 2011, J. Vlasák 1110/9 (JV). FINLAND. Helsinki, Vantaa, Tamisto Nature Reserve, on fullen trunk of Picea, 3 November 2011, Y.C. Dai 12613 (BJFC 012199).
Rhodofomes subfeei (B.K. Cui & M.L. Han) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3q)
MycoBank no.: MB 812672
Basionym. Fomitopsis subfeei B.K. Cui & M.L. Han, Mycoscience 56: 170, 2015.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis subfeei, see Han and Cui (2015).
Specimens examined.
CHINA. Anhui Prov., Huangshan Mountain, on rotten wood of Cunninghamia, 21 October 2010, Y.C. Dai 11887 (paratype, BJFC 008989); Jiangxi Prov., Fenyi County, Dagang Mountain, on rotten wood of Cunninghamia , 18 Septenmber 2008, Y.C. Dai 10430 (BJFC 004679); Sichuan Prov., Dujiangyan, Qingcheng Mountain, on stump of Cunninghamia, 13 September 2010, B.K. Cui 9231 (holotype, BJFC 008169); on angiosperm stump, 13 September 2010, B.K. Cui 9229 (BJFC 008167); B.K. Cui 9226 (paratype, BJFC 008164).
Rhodofomitopsis B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, gen. nov.
MycoBank no.: MB 812660
Type species. Rhodofomitopsis feei (Fr.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai.
Etymology. Rhodofomitopsis (Lat.): resembling Fomitopsis but with violaceous pore surface.
Diagnosis. Differing from Fomitopsis s. s. by its rose, violaceous to pinkish-brown pore surface and context, round, angular, or slightly labyrinthiform, subdaedaleoid to sinuous-daedaleoid pores and absence of cystidia or other sterile hymenial elements.
Basidiocarps annual to perennial, mostly sessile, coriaceous to woody hard when dry. Pileal surface straw, tan, brownish pink, rosy brown to blackish brown, velutinate or glabrous, slightly zonate, weakly or strongly sulcate, mostly strongly radially streaked. Pore surface rose, lilac, violaceous, pinkish-brown or dirty brown, pores round, angular, or slightly labyrinthiform, subdaedaleoid to sinuous-daedaleoid. Context rose, lilac, or pinkish-brown. Tubes indistinctly stratified. Hyphal system dimitic with more or less branched skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae with clamp connections, skeletal hyphae colorless to pale yellow or pale brown, contextual vegetative hyphae thick-walled with a distinctly wide lumen, IKI–, CB–. Cystidia or other sterile hymenial structures absent. Basidiospores cylindrical, ellipsoid or navicular, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Grows on angiosperm wood and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. In our phylogenetic analysis, species of Rhodofomitopsis formed a single lineage (Figs. 1 and 2), and it was distant from Fomitopsis s. s. Morphologically, Rhodofomitopsis differs from Fomitopsis s. s. by its rose, violaceous to pinkish-brown pore surface and context, absence of cystidioles and living on angiosperm wood. Four new combinations are proposed in Rhodofomitopsis.
Rhodofomitopsis africana (Mossebo & Ryvarden) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov.
MycoBank no.: MB 812661
Basionym. Fomitopsis africana Mossebo & Ryvarden, Sydowia 49: 148, 1997.
Remarks. Rhodofomitopsis africana was originally described from Cameroon as Fomitopsis africana (Mossebo and Ryvarden 1997), it has strongly radially streaked pileal surface, dirty brown with pink shades pore surface, absence of cystidia or other sterile hymenial structures, cylindrical to navicular basidiospores and grows on angiosperm wood; these characters fit Rhodofomitopsis well. Moreover, the sequence of R. africana from Cameroon (type locality) fell into Rhodofomitopsis in our phylogeny (Figs. 1 and 2). Therefore, F. africana is transferred to Rhodofomitopsis. For a detailed description of F. africana, see Mossebo and Ryvarden (1997).
Rhodofomitopsis cupreorosea (Berk.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3r)
MycoBank no.: MB 812662
Basionym. Polyporus cupreoroseus Berk., Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 8: 233, 1856.
= Fomitopsis cupreorosea (Berk.) J. Carranza & Gilb., Mycotaxon 25: 476, 1986.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis cupreorosea, see Carranza-Morse and Gilbertson (1986).
Specimens examined.
BELIZE. Cayo District, Five sisters, Nature trail, on angiosperm, 19 November 2001, L. Ryvarden 44394 (O 17632); on angiopserm, 2 November 2002, L. Ryvarden 45383 (O 18277). BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Camaragibe, on angiosperm, 07 June 1960, R. Singer B3106 (K 8405).
Rhodofomitopsis feei (Fr.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3s)
MycoBank no.: MB 812663
Basionym. Polyporus feei Fr., Linnaea 5: 518, 1830.
= Fomitopsis feei (Fr.) Kreisel, Ciencias Biológicas, Cuba 16: 83, 1971.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis feei, see Carranza-Morse and Gilbertson (1986) and Gilbertson and Ryvarden (1986a).
Specimens examined.
AUSTRALIA. Darwin, Bicentennial Park, on angiosperm stump, 6 June 1999, P. Uotila 42928 (H). BRAZIL. Bahia, Municipality of Itaberaba, Serra do Orobó, Haberaba, Fazenda gameleira, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 19 January 2006, P. Oinonen 60119006 (H). MEXICO. Semuc Champey, on angiosperm, October 2006, J. Vlasák 0610/K9-Kout (JV). VENEZUELA. Estado Bolivar, Las Nieves, on angiosperm, 12 January 1995, L. Ryvarden 37603 (O 10804).
Rhodofomitopsis lilacinogilva (Berk.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3t, u)
MycoBank no.: MB 812664
Basionym. Polyporus lilacinogilvus Berk., Ann. nat. Hist., Mag. Zool. Bot. Geol. 3: 324, 1839.
= Fomitopsis lilacinogilva (Berk.) J.E. Wright & J.R. Deschamps, Revta Investnes agrop. 12: 143, 1975.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis lilacinogilva, see Carranza-Morse and Gilbertson (1986).
Specimens examined.
ARGENTINA. Rios Palmar de Colen, September 1979, D. Cubral (O 10820). AUSTRALIA. Queensland, Lake Barrine, on angiosperm, 19 August 2006, D.S. Schigel 5193 (H); Tasmania, Mt. Wellington, Pipeline track, 18 January 1996, A.V. Ratkowsky 0564 (K 141868); Myrtle Gulley, on wood, 25 May 1996, A.V. Ratkowsky 0562 (K 141881).
Rubellofomes B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, gen. nov.
MycoBank no.: MB 812665
Type species. Rubellofomes cystidiatus (B.K. Cui & M.L. Han) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai.
Etymology. Rubellofomes (Lat.): resembling Fomes but with pinkish context.
Diagnosis. Differing from Fomitopsis s. s. by its purple pink to light pinkish brown context.
Basidiocarps annual or perennial, resupinate to pileate, coriaceous to woody when dry. Pileal surface orange brown to dark brown, glabrous, mostly strongly zonate and sulcate. Pore surface white to cream or purple pink when fresh, straw yellow to cinnamon brown when dry. Context purple pink to light pinkish brown, corky or woody hard. Hyphal system dimitic with occasionally branched skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae with clamp connections, skeletal hyphae colorless to pale yellow or light brown, IKI–, CB–. Cystidia present or absent, thin-walled cystidioles present. Basidiospores cylindrical to ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Grows on angiosperm wood and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. In the combined six gene phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2), two species previously included in Fomitopsis, F. cystidiata B.K. Cui & M.L. Han and F. minutispora Rajchenb., grouped together and formed a moderately supported lineage, these two species were distant from Fomitopsis s. s., and they were related to species of the Antrodia serialis group and Niveoporofomes; in the combined three gene phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), Rubellofomes was closely related to species of Niveoporofomes and Ungulidaedalea. However, A. serialis group mostly grows on gymnosperm wood and has mostly resupinate to effused-reflexed basidiocarps and white, cream to wood-colored context (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Ryvarden and Melo 2014); Niveoporofomes has ivory white to ochraceous pileal surface, white to ochraceous context and ovoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores; Ungulidaedalea has annual, ungulate, fragile basidiocarps and a dimitic hyphal system with densely septated skeletal hyphae. Therefore, Rubellofomes gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate F. cystidiata and F. minutispora.
Rubellofomes cystidiatus (B.K. Cui & M.L. Han) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3v)
MycoBank no.: MB 812666
Basionym. Fomitopsis cystidiata B.K. Cui & M.L. Han, Mycological Progress 13: 908, 2014.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis cystidiata, see Han et al. (2014).
Specimens examined.
CHINA. Guangxi Autonomous Region, Shangsi County, Shiwandashan National Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 26 July 2012, H.S. Yuan 6304 (paratype, BJFC 015623), H.S. Yuan 6328 (paratype, BJFC 015624); Hainan Prov., Baoting County, Qixianling National Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 27 November 2007, B.K. Cui 5481 (holotype, BJFC 003522); Lingshui County, Diaoluoshan National Forest Park, on angiosperm stump, 30 May 2008, Y.C. Dai 9872 (paratype, IFP 012400).
Rubellofomes minutisporus (Rajchenb.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3w)
MycoBank no.: MB 812667
Basionym. Fomitopsis minutispora Rajchenb., Mycotaxon 54: 441, 1995.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis minutispora, see Rajchenberg (1995a).
Specimens examined.
ARGENTINA. Nenquén, Parque Nacional Lanín, on fallen trunk of Nothofagus, 10 April 1992, M. Rajchenberg 10661 (BAFC 015543), M. Rajchenberg 10666 (BAFC 015544); 19 May 1999, M. Rajchenberg 11930 (BAFC 015542).
Ungulidaedalea B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, gen. nov.
MycoBank no.: MB 814711
Type species. Ungulidaedalea fragilis (B.K. Cui & M.L. Han) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai.
Etymology. Ungulidaedalea (Lat.): resembling Daedalea but with ungulate basidiocarps.
Diagnosis. Differing from Fomitopsis s. s. and Daedalea s. s. by its annual, ungulate, fragile basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system with densely septated skeletal hyphae and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores.
Basidiocarps annual, pileate, fragile when dry. Pileus ungulate. Pileal surface brown to dark fuscous, concentrically zonate. Pore surface white to cream when fresh, becoming clay-buff to brown when burnished or dry, pores large, angular. Context buff to clay-buff, fragile, upper surface usually with a crust. Tubes fragile. Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae bearing clamp connections; skeletal hyphae frequently simple septate, IKI–, CB–. Cystidia absent, but thin-walled cystidioles occasionally present. Basidiospores oblong-ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–. Grows on angiosperm wood and causes a brown rot.
Remarks. Fomitopsis fragilis B.K. Cui & M.L. Han was recently described from China based on the rDNA sequences of ITS and nLSU regions, and it formed a separated lineage in Fomitopsis s. l. (Han et al. 2014). In the combined six gene phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 2), F. fragilis formed a single lineage sister to the species of Daedalea s.s. In the combined three gene phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), F. fragilis also formed a single lineage and closely related to the species of Antrodia malicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Donk group. Morphologically, it differs from species of Daedalea s. s. and Antrodia malicola group by ungulate, fragile basidiocarps and a dimitic hyphal system with frequently simple septate skeletal hyphae. Thus, Ungulidaedalea gen. nov. is proposed to include this species.
Ungulidaedalea fragilis (B.K. Cui & M.L. Han) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. (Fig. 3x)
MycoBank no.: MB 814712
Basionym. Fomitopsis fragilis B.K. Cui & M.L. Han, Mycological Progress 13: 909, 2014.
For a detailed description of Fomitopsis fragilis, see Han et al. (2014).
Specimens examined.
CHINA. Hainan Prov., Ledong County, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 7 November 2012, B.K. Cui 10919 (holotype, BJFC 013841); 17 November 2007, Y.C. Dai 9292 (paratype, BJFC 010337; IFP 007452); on wood, 18 November 2007, H.S. Yuan 4081 (IFP 016598).