Abstract
Many available chemotherapeutic methods are faced with multiple challenges that range from therapeutic failure to detrimental adverse or toxicity effects. Most of the drugs have low efficacy due to low capability to target specific diseased tissues, minimal biocompatibility and low bioavailability. As a result, they are burden to patients by inducing drug resistance, economic losses and even death. The discovery and utilization of nano-based drug carriers such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in drug delivery system (DDS) has been a great achievement for overcoming the pre-existing challenges. After properly coated and appropriately functionalized, they exhibit extensive drug-loading capacity and are able to be circulated in the blood stream without causing immune provocation before achieving the desired therapeutic effects by delivering drug specifically to the targeted site. Furthermore, they can be remotely controlled to release drugs using appropriate stimuli. Therefore, this review has explained important aspects about the utilization of SPIONs as a novel nano-vector for DDS, focusing on their post-synthetic surface modification, functionalization, drug loading and release. This work is potential as it provides a framework into the applications of SPIONs in theranostics of challenging diseases such as cancer by laying down the basic principles of SPION applications in biomedical field.
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Data availability statement
The data presented in this article are available on request from the corresponding author.
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Funding
This study was funded by Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (No. KJZD-K202200208), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. XDJK2020B011), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31572488), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32072778), National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs (No. NCTIP-XD/C17), Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (No. cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0972), and Fundamental Research Funds for Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica (No. cstc2019jxjl-jbky120002).
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The idea to write this work came from XX and EO; Literature searching and data analysis was done by EO, NL, TL, YH and XQ; the first draft of this work was written by EO; Critical review of this work was done by XX, MW, XQ and NL. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Otieno, E., Huang, Y., Li, N. et al. Utilization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a vector for drug delivery. Appl Nanosci 13, 6191–6216 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02853-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02853-y