Abstract
The prospect of altering the thermophysical properties of ferrofluid with an influence of magnetic field leads to improving natural convection in various heat transfer systems. This investigation principally focuses on the studies of electromagnetism-based turbulent natural convection heat transfer of low-density disk-shaped magnesium ferrite/water-based ferrofluid, filled in a novel heat pipe-assisted cubical cavity at various volume fractions. Two flat plate heat pipes were used to maintain temperature differences in the cavity. To advance the buoyancy of the working fluid inside the cavity, deliberately low-density ferrofluid containing disk-shaped particles was formulated using the hydrothermal method. The temperature difference between the two heat pipe-assisted vertical walls was sustained with four distinct temperature ranges from 10 to 25 °C. The ferrofluid filled in the cavity was then subjected to magnetic field ranging from 0 to 350 G to understand the thermomagnetic convection effects on heat transfer. The optimal volume fraction of ferrofluid for maximum heat transfer was found to be 0.05% at a wall temperature difference of 25 °C, owing to 23.51% improvement in average heat transfer coefficient along with 33.37% improvement in average Nusselt number when compared to water. With the application of a magnetic field of 350 G, the average heat transfer coefficient was further enhanced by 10.11%, and the average Nusselt number improved by 6.28% for 0.05% volume fraction in comparison to the condition where no magnetic field was applied.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- MgFe2O4 :
-
Magnesium ferrite
- NF:
-
Nanofluid
- FF:
-
Ferrofluid
- MF:
-
Magnetic field
- H2O:
-
Water
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- T :
-
Temperature, oC
- Q :
-
Heat transfer, W
- V :
-
Voltage, V
- I :
-
Current, A
- m :
-
Mass flow rate, kg/s
- C p :
-
Specific heat, J/kg oC
- h :
-
Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC
- A :
-
Area of the cavity, m2
- Nu:
-
Nusselt number
- L c :
-
Characteristic length of cavity, m
- Ra :
-
Rayleigh number
- Pr:
-
Prandtl number
- L :
-
Length, m
- W :
-
Width, m
- H :
-
Height, m
- g :
-
Acceleration due to gravity, m2/s
- k :
-
Thermal conductivity, W/m oC
- µ :
-
Dynamic viscosity (Cp)
- ρ :
-
Density (kg/m3)
- β :
-
Thermal expansion coefficient, 1/K
- Φ:
-
Volume fraction (%)
- Δ:
-
Difference
- ∂ :
-
Partial derivative
- nf:
-
Nanofluid
- bf:
-
Base fluid
- wf :
-
Working fluid
- w :
-
Water
- np:
-
Nanoparticles
- in:
-
Input
- out :
-
Output
- avg :
-
Average
- hot:
-
Hot side
- cold:
-
Cold side
- hc:
-
Hot and cold side
References
Ahmed A, Baig H, Sundaram S, Mallick TK (2019) Use of nanofluids in solar PV/thermal systems. Int J Photoenergy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8039129
Ajith K, Enoch IVM, Solomon AB, Sumohan A (2019) Characterization of magnesium ferrite nanofluids for heat transfer applications. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.014
Ajith K, Pillai AS, Enoch IVMV, Solomon AB (2020) Effect of magnetic field on the thermophysical properties of low-density ferrofluid with disk-shaped MgFe2O4 nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.126083
Ajith K, Pillai AS, Muthu Vijayan Enoch IV et al (2021) Effect of the non-electrically conductive spindle on the viscosity measurements of nanofluids subjected to the magnetic field. Colloids Surf, A 628:127252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127252
Akilu S, Tesfamichael A, Sharma KV (2017) Experimental measurements of thermal conductivity and viscosity of ethylene glycol-based hybrid nano fluid with TiO 2 -CuO/C inclusions. J Mol Liq 246:396–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.09.017
Berkovsky B (1977) VP Numerical study of problems on high-intensive free convection. Proc Int Turbul Buoyant Convect Semin 148:148–162
Brusly Solomon A, Sharifpur M, Ottermann T et al (2017) Natural convection enhancement in a porous cavity with Al2O3-Ethylene glycol/water nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf 108:1324–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.01.009
Choi SUS (1995) Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Fluids Engineering Division (Publication) FED 231:99–105
Choudhary R, Subudhi S (2016) Aspect ratio dependence of turbulent natural convection in Al 2 O 3/water nanofluids. Appl Therm Eng 108:1095–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.016
Dixit DD, Pattamatta A (2019) Natural convection heat transfer in a cavity filled with electrically conducting nano- particle suspension in the presence of magnetic field. Phys Fluids. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5080778
Dixit DD, Pattamatta A (2020) Effect of uniform external magnetic-field on natural convection heat transfer in a cubical cavity filled with magnetic nano-dispersion. Int J Heat Mass Transf 146:118828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118828
Doganay S, Alsangur R, Turgut A (2019) Effect of external magnetic field on thermal conductivity and viscosity of magnetic nanofluids: a review. Mater Res Express. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab44e9
Ebrahimi A, Tamnanloo J, Mousavi SH et al (2021) Discrete-continuous genetic algorithm for designing a mixed refrigerant cryogenic process. Ind Eng Chem Res 60:7700–7713. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01191
Elsheikh AH, Sharshir SW, Mostafa ME et al (2018) Applications of nanofluids in solar energy: a review of recent advances. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:3483–3502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.108
Gaganpreet, Srivastava S (2012) Effect of aggregation on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. Appl Nanosci 2:325–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-012-0082-z
Garbadeen ID, Sharifpur M, Slabber JM, Meyer JP (2017) Experimental study on natural convection of MWCNT-water nano fl uids in a square enclosure. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 88:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.07.019
Ghasemi H, Darjani S, Mazloomi H, Mozaffari S (2020) Preparation of stable multiple emulsions using food-grade emulsifiers: evaluating the effects of emulsifier concentration, W/O phase ratio, and emulsification process. SN Appl Sci 2:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03879-5
Ghasemi H, Mozaffari S, Mousavi SH et al (2021) Decolorization of wastewater by heterogeneous Fenton reaction using MnO2-Fe3O4/CuO hybrid catalysts. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105091
Ghodsinezhad H, Sharifpur M, Meyer JP (2016) Experimental investigation on cavity flow natural convection of Al2O3–water nanofluids. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer 76:316–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.06.005
Giwa SO, Sharifpur M, Meyer JP (2019) Experimental study of thermo-convection performance of hybrid nanofluids of Al 2 O 3 -MWCNT/water in a differentially heated square cavity. Int J Heat Mass Transf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.119072
Giwa SO, Sharifpur M, Ahmadi MH, Meyer JP (2020a) Magnetohydrodynamic convection behaviours of nanofluids in non-square enclosures: a comprehensive review. Math Methods Appli Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.6424
Giwa SO, Sharifpur M, Meyer JP (2020b) Effects of uniform magnetic induction on heat transfer performance of aqueous hybrid ferro fluid in a rectangular cavity. Appl Therm Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115004
Giwa SO, Sharifpur M, Meyer JP (2020c) Experimental investigation into heat transfer performance of water-based magnetic hybrid nanofluids in a rectangular cavity exposed to magnetic excitation. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 116:104698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2020.104698
Giwa SO, Sharifpur M, Ahmadi MH, Meyer JP (2021) A review of magnetic field influence on natural convection heat transfer performance of nanofluids in square cavities. Springer International Publishing
Hu Y, He Y, Qi C et al (2014) Experimental and numerical study of natural convection in a square enclosure filled with nanofluid. Int J Heat Mass Transf 78:380–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.07.001
Ilyas SU, Pendyala R, Narahari M (2017) An experimental study on the natural convection heat transfer inrectangular enclosure using functionalized alumina-thermal oil-based nanofluids. Appl Thermal Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.08.088
Joubert JC, Sharifpur M, Solomon AB, Meyer JP (2017) Enhancement in heat transfer of a ferrofluid in a differentially heated square cavity through the use of permanent magnets. J Magn Magn Mater 443:149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.07.062
Kumar A, Subudhi S (2017) Preparation, characteristics, convection and applications of magnetic nanofluids: a review. Heat Mass Transf 15:10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-017-2114-4
Mojumder S, Saha S, Saha S, Mamun MAH (2015) Effect of magnetic field on natural convection in a C -shaped cavity filled with ferrofluid. Proc Eng 105:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.05.012
Mozaffari S, Ghasemi H, Tchoukov P et al (2021) Lab-on-a-chip systems in asphaltene characterization: a review of recent advances. Energy Fuels 35:9080–9101. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00717
Narankhishig Z, Ham J, Lee H, Cho H (2021) Convective heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids including the magnetic effect on heat transfer enhancement—a review. Appl Therm Eng 193:116987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116987
Nkurikiyimfura I, Wang Y, Pan Z (2013) Heat transfer enhancement by magnetic nanofluids—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 21:548–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.039
Reza M, Mahrood K, Etemad SG, Bagheri R (2011) Free convection heat transfer of non Newtonian nano fluids under constant heat flux condition. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer 38:1449–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2011.08.012
Sathyamurthy R, Kabeel AE, Chamkha A et al (2021) Experimental investigation on cooling the photovoltaic panel using hybrid nanofluids. Appl Nanosci (switzerland) 11:363–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01598-2
Sezer N, Atieh MA, Koç M (2019) A comprehensive review on synthesis, stability, thermophysical properties, and characterization of nanofluids. Powder Technol 344:404–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.12.016
Sha L, Ju Y, Zhang H, Wang J (2017) Experimental investigation on the convective heat transfer of Fe 3 O 4/water nanofluids under constant magnetic field. Appl Therm Eng 113:566–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.060
Shah J, Ranjan M, Davariya V et al (2017) Temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and viscosity of synthesized a-alumina nanofluids. Appl Nanosci (switzerland) 7:803–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-017-0594-7
Sharifpur M, Solomon AB, Linda T, Meyer JP (2018) Optimum concentration of nano fluids for heat transferenhancement under cavity flow natural convection with TiO2. Water 98:297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2018.09.010
Sheikholeslami M, Rokni HB (2017) Simulation of nanofluid heat transfer in presence of magnetic field: a review. Int J Heat Mass Transf 115:1203–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.08.108
Shi L, He Y, Hu Y, Wang X (2019) Controllable natural convection in a rectangular enclosure filled with Fe 3 O 4 @ CNT nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf 140:399–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.104
Solangi KH, Kazi SN, Luhur MR et al (2015) A comprehensive review of thermo-physical properties and convective heat transfer to nano fluids. Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.105
Solomon AB, Van RJ, Rencken M et al (2017) Experimental study on the influence of the aspect ratio of square cavity on natural convection heat transfer with Al 2 O 3/Water nano fluids. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer 88:254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.09.007
Soltani O, Akbari M (2016) Effects of temperature and particles concentration on the dynamic viscosity of MgO-MWCNT/ethylene glycol hybrid nano fluid: experimental study. Phys E 84:564–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2016.06.015
Vanaki SM, Ganesan P, Mohammed HA (2016) Numerical study of convective heat transfer of nano fluids: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:1212–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.042
Wang X, Zhang R, Mozaffari A et al (2021) Active motion of multiphase oil droplets: emergent dynamics of squirmers with evolving internal structure. Soft Matter 17:2985–2993. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sm01873b
Yu W, Xie H, Chen L, Li Y (2010) Enhancement of thermal conductivity of kerosene-based Fe3O4 nanofluids prepared via phase-transfer method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 355:109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.044
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Mr. R. Jeyaseelan, laboratory technician, Advanced thermal Sciences lab, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, India, for his technical support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ajith, K., Aaron, M.J., Pillai, A.S. et al. Turbulent magnetohydrodynamic natural convection in a heat pipe-assisted cavity using disk-shaped magnesium ferrite nanoparticles. Appl Nanosci 12, 1627–1641 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-022-02356-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-022-02356-2