Abstract
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most consumed staple foods used for bakery products. Outer layers of grain present a great diversity of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds (PC). Free and bound PC were extracted from eight genotypes of whole wheat flours (WWF) presenting different technological classifications. These extracts were comprehensively characterized through untargeted metabolomics applying ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MSE) and spectrophotometric analyses. Chemical composition and colorimetry were also determined by classical analyses. Thirty-eight PC were tentatively identified by UHPLC-MSE belonging to three classes (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and other polyphenols), some of them identified in all WWF samples. Bound hydroxycinnamic acids were the main PC found in WWF, especially the trans-ferulic acid and its isomer. No difference was found in starch and protein contents, whereas low-quality flours showed a higher ash content than the superior and medium-quality flours. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged between 124.5 and 171.4 mg GAE/100 g WWF, which bound PC were responsible for 60% of TPC. Omics data and multivariate statistical analyses were successfully applied to discern the phenolic profile of WWF from different genotypes and technological qualities.
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Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- GAE:
-
Gallic acid equivalents
- HCA:
-
Hierarchical cluster analysis
- PC:
-
Phenolic compounds
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- PLS-DA:
-
Partial least squares discriminant analysis
- TPC:
-
Total phenolic content
- UHPLC-MSE :
-
Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- WWF:
-
Whole wheat flour
- VIP:
-
Variable Importance for the projection
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to OR Melhoramento de Sementes Ltda and Biotrigo Genética for providing the samples; to Fabiana Ramos for her support in the Folin-Ciocalteu analysis; to Dr. Michael Murgu, Robinson Giraldes, and Gustavo Almeida from Waters Corporation (Brazil) for their assistance on data processing and helpful technical assistance in MS.
Funding
This work was supported by the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO); financed by the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (26/010.100988/2018; 26/202/709-2018), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (427116/2018-0; 310343/2019-4), and Coordination for Improvement of Personnel with Higher Education (CAPES) (financial code 001).
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Conceptualization, LRSL and MSLF; Formal analysis, LRSL, MCBS, and CTSDA; Investigation, LRSL, MCBS, CTSDA, and LCG; Writing-original draft, LRSL, MCBS, and CTSDA; Writing-review & editing, LRSL, MCBS, and MSLF; Resources, LCC, LCG, and MSLF; Supervision, LCC and MSLF; Funding acquisition, MSLF, Project administration, MSLF.
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da Silva Lima, L.R., Barros Santos, M.C., dos Santos D′Almeida, C.T. et al. Omics data reveals the phenolic fingerprint of Brazilian whole wheat flours of different technological qualities. J Food Sci Technol 60, 783–796 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05665-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05665-8