Abstract
Ghee, the clarified butter fat is one of the principal dairy products in India. In some places of India, cotton seed is fed extensively to dairy animals which changes the physico-chemical constants and fatty acid profile of the milk fat. Ghee is often adulterated with cotton seed oil and is marketed as cotton tract area ghee. Physico-chemical constants like RM value, Polenske value, BR reading, saponification value, iodine value and colorimetric tests i.e., Halphen and DPPH radical test were employed to differentiate ghee adulterated with cotton seed oil and that from cotton tract area. Chromatographic techniques like HPLC and GC-MS were also explored. Physico-chemical constants were not useful to differentiate the two types of ghee. Cyclopropenoic acids were observed only in ghee adulterated with cotton seed oil and not in cotton tract ghee. The RP-HPLC could able to distinguish the cotton tract area ghee from ghee adulterated with cotton seed oil on the basis of presence of β-sitosterol in the latter. Halphen test was positive for cotton tract ghee, but not for the cotton seed oil adulterated ghee. Methylene blue reduction and DPPH radical test were also found to be useful to distinguish both types of ghee.
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Abbreviations
- GCMS:
-
Gas chromatography mass spectrometer
- HPLC:
-
High pressure liquid chromatography
- MMT:
-
Million metric tons
- BR:
-
Butyro-refractometer
- RM:
-
Reichert-Meissl
- USM:
-
Unsaponifiable matter
- CS2 :
-
Carbon disulphide
- MBRT:
-
Methylene blue reduction test
- AOAC:
-
Association of Official Analytical Chemists
- DPPH:
-
2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Director of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, India for providing the facilities at National Referral Center of Milk Quality & Safety to carry out this research work.
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YA: Collection of samples and determination of physico-chemical constants, RS: Halphen test, Methylene blue reduction test (MBRT), DPPH test, writing of the manuscript, KG: Fatty acids analysis, RP-HPLC for the detection of the β-sitosterol, BM: Writing of the manuscript, interpretation of results, PBG: Feeding experiment to the animals, plan of experiments, proof reading.
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Atbhaiya, Y., Sharma, R., Gandhi, K. et al. Methods to differentiate between cotton tract area ghee and cotton seed oil adulterated ghee. J Food Sci Technol 59, 4782–4793 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05563-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05563-5