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Organochlorine pesticide residues in raw milk samples collected from dairy farms and urban areas of Lahore district, Pakistan

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Abstract

The current study was employed to investigate the organochlorine pesticides (OCP) concentrations in milk, as the milk we consume, has residues of these notorious pesticides. The residual concentrations of OCP in milk have numerous harmful effects on health especially the children. Therefore, milk was analyzed using gas chromatography equipped with µECD for seven OCP residues, namely α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, Endosulfan-sulphate, DDE, γ-HCH, Dieldrin, and DDT. Three hundred and sixty raw milk samples were collected from urban areas (10 areas of Lahore N = 300) and Dairy Farms (10 farms in Lahore N = 60) from September 2012 to September 2013. Samples were collected after an interval of 2 months, for 12 months. Mean values of OCPs in milk samples from urban areas were reported as α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, Endosulfan-sulphate, DDE, γ-HCH, and Dieldrin with concentration of 17.44 ± 3.99, 35.74 ± 7.50, 20.28 ± 3.95, 2.51 ± 0.55, 0.93 ± 0.16 and 1.12 ± 0.18 µg kg−1, respectively, while the milk samples from dairy farms with concentration of 26.94 ± 4.63, 59.88 ± 6.76, 32.07 ± 4.51, 4.64 ± 0.48, 1.20 ± 0.17 and 1.93 ± 0.18 µg kg−1, respectively. None of the samples analyzed were found positive for the presence of DDT, just as none of the samples from area milk shops exceeded the Maximum Residual Limits (MRLs). γ-HCH and β-endosulfan were found higher in dairy farm milk samples than the MRLs. Conclusively, these pesticide residues are present in milk available in Lahore in enough quantity (some exceeding the MRLs) to threaten human health, particularly the infant and children.

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Acknowledgements

N. Martins would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Portugal) for the Strategic project ref. UID/BIM/04293/2013 and “NORTE2020—Northern Regional Operational Program” (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012). Thanks Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan for support to the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 5400, Pakistan

    Atta Muhammad Arif, Imran Javed, Muhammad Ayaz, Muhammad Abdullah & Muhammad Ali

  2. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Imran

  3. Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

    Muhammad Shahbaz

  4. School of Exercise and Nutrition, Deakin University, Victoria, 3125, Australia

    Tanweer Aslam Gondal

  5. Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal, 48800, Pakistan

    Zafar Iqbal

  6. Punjab Food Authority, Dara Ghazi Khan, 32200, Pakistan

    Zafar Iqbal

  7. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran

    Bahare Salehi

  8. Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Javad Sharifi-Rad

  9. Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal

    Natália Martins

  10. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal

    Natália Martins

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  1. Atta Muhammad Arif
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  2. Imran Javed
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  4. Muhammad Abdullah
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  7. Tanweer Aslam Gondal
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  8. Muhammad Ali
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  10. Zafar Iqbal
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  11. Bahare Salehi
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  12. Javad Sharifi-Rad
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  13. Natália Martins
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Correspondence to Bahare Salehi, Javad Sharifi-Rad or Natália Martins.

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Muhammad Arif, A., Javed, I., Ayaz, M. et al. Organochlorine pesticide residues in raw milk samples collected from dairy farms and urban areas of Lahore district, Pakistan. J Food Sci Technol 58, 129–137 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04522-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04522-2

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