Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate corn germ oil extraction using supercritical CO2 and cosolvents addition (hexane, acetone and ethanol). The effects of temperature (45–85 °C) and pressure (15–25 MPa) on the extract yield were evaluated for the tests conducted only with supercritical CO2. The addition of cosolvents to supercritical CO2 was also examined at 25 MPa and 60 °C. The conventional Soxhlet extraction with different organic solvents was also performed for comparison purposes. The results of extraction with supercritical fluid showed that the yields increased with pressure at each temperature, but decreased with temperature increase. Mathematical modeling was applied to describe extraction curves, with very good fits. The addition of cosolvents led to higher yield, with a maximum yield of 13.81% using ethanol. The analysis of fatty acids profile did not present significant differences among the evaluated methods. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction was higher than the ones verified for the extracts collected after conventional Soxhlet extraction. Therefore, the use of supercritical CO2 extraction could be an interesting way to preserve antioxidant properties of this oil in order to use it for pharmaceutical purposes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adolfo Lutz Institute (2008) Métodos físico-químicos para análise de alimentos. In: Zenebon O, Pascuet NS, Tiglea P (Ed) Métodos físico-químicos para análise de alimentos, 4th edn. Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo. http://www.ial.sp.gov.br/resources/editorinplace/ial/2016_3_19/analisedealimentosial_2008.pdf. Accessed 26 June 2017
Andressa K, Cassiana P, Hoscheid J et al (2017) Candeia (Eremanthus erythroppapus) oil extraction using supercritical CO2 with ethanol and ethyl acetate cosolvents. J Supercrit Fluids 128:323–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.029
AOCS (2009) Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS Official method Ce 2-66). Champaign, New York
Asep EK, Jinap S, Russly AR et al (2016) The effect of flow rate at different pressures and temperatures on cocoa butter extracted from cocoa nib using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Food Sci Technol 53:2287–2297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2191-2
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol 28:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Carvalho RHR, Galvão EL, Barros JÂC et al (2012) Extraction, fatty acid profile and antioxidant activity of sesame extract (Sesamum Indicum L.). Braz J Chem Eng 29:409–420
Christianson DD, Friedrich JP, List GF et al (1984) Supercritical fluid extraction of dry-milled corn germ with carbon dioxide. J Food Sci 49:229–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb13714.x
da Silva RPFF, Rocha-Santos TAP, Duarte AC (2016) Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 76:40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.11.013
Dabrowski G, Konopka I, Czaplicki S (2018) Supercritical CO2 extraction in chia oils production: impact of process duration and co-solvent addition. Food Sci Biotechnol 27:677–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0316-2
Dal Prá V, Soares JF, Monego DL et al (2016) Extraction of bioactive compounds from palm (Elaeis guineensis) pressed fiber using different compressed fluids. J Supercrit Fluids 112:51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.02.011
Dalmolin I, Mazutti MA, Batista EAC et al (2010) Chemical characterization and phase behaviour of grape seed oil in compressed carbon dioxide and ethanol as co-solvent. J Chem Thermodyn 42:797–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2010.02.003
Garmus TT, Paviani LC, Queiroga CL, Cabral FA (2015) Extraction of phenolic compounds from pepper-rosmarin (Lippia sidoides Cham.) leaves by sequential extraction in fixed bed extractor using supercritical CO2, ethanol and water as solvents. J Supercrit Fluids 99:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.01.016
Gunstone FD (2011) Vegetable oils in food technology. Blackwell, London
Jokić S, Nagy B, Zeković Z et al (2012) Effects of supercritical CO2 extraction parameters on soybean oil yield. Food Bioprod Process 90:693–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2012.03.003
Kitzberger CSG, Smânia A, Pedrosa RC, Ferreira SRS (2007) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) extracts obtained by organic solvents and supercritical fluids. J Food Eng 80:631–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.06.013
Luque de Castro MD, Priego-Capote F (2010) Soxhlet extraction: past and present panacea. J Chromatogr A 1217:2383–2389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.027
Martínez J, Monteiro AR, Rosa PTV et al (2003) Multicomponent model to describe extraction of ginger oleoresin with supercritical carbon dioxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 42:1057–1063. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie020694f
Meireles MAA (2008) Extraction of bioactive compounds from Latin American plants. In: Martinez J (ed) Supercritical fluid extraction of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 243–274
Nimet G, da Silva EA, Palú F et al (2011) Extraction of sunflower (Heliantus annuus L.) oil with supercritical CO2 and subcritical propane: experimental and modeling. Chem Eng J 168:262–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.12.088
NIST (2017) Thermophysical properties of pure fluids. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/. Accessed 20 July 2016
Özkal SG, Salgin U, Yener ME (2005) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of hazelnut oil. J Food Eng 69:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.07.020
Pederssetti MM, Palú F, Da Silva EA et al (2011) Extraction of canola seed (Brassica napus) oil using compressed propane and supercritical carbon dioxide. J Food Eng 102:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.08.018
Pessoa AS, Podestá R, Block JM et al (2015) Extraction of pequi (Caryocar coriaceum) pulp oil using subcritical propane: determination of process yield and fatty acid profile. J Supercrit Fluids 101:95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.03.006
Rade LL, Arvelos S, De Souza Barrozo MA et al (2015) Evaluation of the use of degummed soybean oil and supercritical ethanol for non-catalytic biodiesel production. J Supercrit Fluids 105:21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.05.017
Rai A, Mohanty B, Bhargava R (2016) Supercritical extraction of sunflower oil: a central composite design for extraction variables. Food Chem 192:647–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.070
Rebolleda S, Rubio N, Beltrán S et al (2012) Supercritical fluid extraction of corn germ oil: study of the influence of process parameters on the extraction yield and oil quality. J Supercrit Fluids 72:270–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2012.10.001
Ronyai E, Simandi B, Tomoskozi S et al (1998) Supercritical fluid extraction of corn germ with carbon dioxide–ethyl alcohol mixture. J Supercrit Fluids 14:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-8446(98)00096-5
Salea R, Widjojokusumo E, Veriansyah B, Tjandrawinata RR (2014) Optimizing oil and xanthorrhizol extraction from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizome by supercritical carbon dioxide. J Food Sci Technol 51:2197–2203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1272-3
Salgin U, Döker O, Çalimli A (2006) Extraction of sunflower oil with supercritical CO2: experiments and modeling. J Supercrit Fluids 38:326–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2005.11.015
Santana ÁL, Albarelli JQ et al (2017) Kinetic behavior, mathematical modeling, and economic evaluation of extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction from defatted assaí waste. Food Bioprod Process 107:25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2017.10.006
Souza AT, Benazzi TL, Grings MB et al (2008) Supercritical extraction process and phase equilibrium of Candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) oil using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 47:182–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.08.001
Sovová H (1994) Rate of the vegetable oil extraction with supercritical CO2—I. Modelling of extraction curves. Chem Eng Sci 49:409–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(94)87012-8
Subroto E, Widjojokusumo E, Veriansyah B, Tjandrawinata RR (2017) Supercritical CO2 extraction of candlenut oil: process optimization using Taguchi orthogonal array and physicochemical properties of the oil. J Food Sci Technol 54:1286–1292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2542-7
Zhao S, Zhang D (2014) Supercritical CO2 extraction of Eucalyptus leaves oil and comparison with Soxhlet extraction and hydro-distillation methods. Sep Purif Technol 133:443–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.07.018
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Program PNPD, Project Number 8882.314720/2013-01 and Vale S.A. for the financial support and CARAMURU S.A. that kindly provided the corn germ used in this work. Funding was provided by CAPES (Grant Nos. Masters Degree fellowship PPGEQ/UFU, PH.D. Fellowship PPGEQ/UFU).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marinho, C.M., Lemos, C.O.T., Arvelos, S. et al. Extraction of corn germ oil with supercritical CO2 and cosolvents. J Food Sci Technol 56, 4448–4456 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03923-2
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03923-2