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Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant potential of Cynodon dactylon leaf and rhizome extracts as affected by drying methods and temperatures

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Abstract

The effect of five drying methods including shade drying (SHD), solar drying (SOD), and oven drying at 30 (OD30), 40 (OD40) and 50 °C (OD50) on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of C. dactylon leaf and rhizome was assessed. Among drying methods, OD50 resulted in the shortest drying time (18.3 and 12 h for rhizome and leaf, respectively), when compared with SHD and SOD. Based on GC–MS analyses, 15 and 17 constituents were identified in leaf and rhizome extracts, respectively, accounting for ~ 99% of all components. Fatty acids (palmitic acid and linoleic acid) along with their methyl esters (ethyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate and ethyl oleate) and other derivatives (dihomo-γ-linoleic acid) were the main identified constituents shortly after drying procedures; however, other components such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, maltol, retinol and phytol were also traced. Some of C. dactylon phytochemicals including 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and ethyl linoleate were sensitive to high drying temperatures. Besides, higher drying temperatures lead to the production or increasing the level of substances such as 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, tricyclopentadeca-3,7-dien and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and diacetin. Based on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the IC50 values were generally higher (significance level of 0.05) for oven-dried rhizome compared with shade-dried leaves and rhizomes that quenched more than 84% of the DPPH at the concentration of 400 mg/ml (IC50 59.12). Our findings suggest that OD30 is a versatile drying method not only to reduce drying time but also to preserve the main phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of C. dactylon during dehydration.

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Abbreviations

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry

DGLA:

Dihomo-γ-linoleic acid

5-HMF:

5-Hydroxy methyl furfural

DDMP:

2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one

PUFA:

Poly-unsaturated fatty acid

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran

    Ali Akbar Mozafari, Yavar Vafaee & Mohammad Shahyad

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  1. Ali Akbar Mozafari
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  2. Yavar Vafaee
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  3. Mohammad Shahyad
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Correspondence to Ali Akbar Mozafari.

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Mozafari, A.A., Vafaee, Y. & Shahyad, M. Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant potential of Cynodon dactylon leaf and rhizome extracts as affected by drying methods and temperatures. J Food Sci Technol 55, 2220–2229 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3139-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3139-5

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