Abstract
Dietary fat increases carotenoid bioavailability by facilitating their transfer to the aqueous micellar fraction during digestion. However, the specific effect of both quantity and type of dietary fat required for optimal carotenoid absorption remained unexplored. In the present study, the effect of amount and type of vegetable oils on carotenoid micellarization from carrot, spinach, drumstick leaves and papaya using in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model have been assessed. Although, dietary fat (0.5–10% w/w) significantly increased the micellarization of carotenoids from all the test foods, the extent of increase was determined by the food matrix (papaya > drumstick = spinach > carrot) and polarity of carotenoids (lutein > β-carotene = α-carotene > lycopene). Among the dietary fats tested the carotenoid micellarization was twofold to threefold higher with dietary fat rich in unsaturated fatty acids (olive oil = soybean oil = sunflower oil) compared to saturated fatty acids (peanut oil = palm oil > coconut oil). Intestinal cell uptake of lutein exceeded that of β-carotene from micellar fraction of spinach leaves digested with various oils. However, cellular uptake of β-carotene is depended on the carotenoid content in micellar fraction rather than the type of fat used. Together these results suggest that food matrix, polarity of carotenoids and type of dietary fat determines the extent of carotenoid micellarization from vegetables and fruits.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bhaskarachary K, Sankar Rao DS, Deosthale YG, Reddy V (1995) Carotene content of some common and less familiar foods of plant origin. Food Chem 54(2):189–193
Borel P, Grolier P, Armand M, Partier A, Lafont H, Lairon D, Azais-Braesco V (1996) Carotenoids in biological emulsions: solubility, surface-to-core distribution, and release from lipid droplets. J Lipid Res 37(2):250–261
Borel P, Tyssandier V, Mekki N, Grolier P, Rochette Y, Alexandre-Gouabau MC, Lairon D, Azaïs-Braesco V (1998) Chylomicron beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate responses are dramatically diminished when men ingest beta-carotene with medium-chain rather than long-chain triglycerides. J Nutr 128(8):1361–1367
Brown MJ, Ferruzzi MG, Nguyen ML, Cooper DA, Eldridge AL, Schwartz SJ, White WS (2004) Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection. Am J Clin Nutr 80(2):396–403
Chitchumroonchokchai C, Schwartz SJ, Failla ML (2004) Assessment of lutein bioavailability from meals and a supplement using simulated digestion and Caco-2 human intestinal cells. J Nutr 134(9):2280–2286
Clark RM, Yao L, She L, Furr HC (2000) A comparison of lycopene and astaxanthin absorption from corn oil and olive oil emulsions. Lipids 35(7):803–806
Failla ML, Huo T, Thakkar SK (2008) In vitro screening of relative bioaccessibility of carotenoids from foods. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17(1):200–203
Failla ML, Chitchumronchokchai C, Ferruzzi MG, Goltz SR, Campbell WW (2014) Unsaturated fatty acids promote bioaccessibility and basolateral secretion of carotenoids and α-tocopherol by Caco-2 cells. Food Funct 5(6):1101–1112
Garrett DA, Failla ML, Sarama RJ (1999) Development of an in vitro digestion model for estimating the bioavailability of carotenoids from meals. J Agric Food Chem 47(10):4301–4309
Ghafoorunissa G, Reddy V, Sesikaran B (1995) Palmolein and groundnut oil have comparable effects on blood lipids and platelet aggregation in healthy Indian subjects. Lipids 30(12):1163–1169
Goltz SR, Campbell WW, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Failla ML, Ferruzzi MG (2012) Meal triacylglycerol profile modulates postprandial absorption of carotenoids in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 56(6):866–877
Hu X, Jandacek RJ, White WS (2000) Intestinal absorption of β-carotene ingested with a meal rich in sunflower oil or beef tallow: postprandial appearance in triglycerol-rich lipoproteins in women. Am J Clin Nutr 71(50):1170–1180
Huo T, Ferruzzi MG, Schwartz SJ, Failla ML (2007) Impact of fatty acyl composition and quantity of triglycerides on bioaccessibility of dietary carotenoids. J Agric Food Chem 55(22):8950–8957
ICMR (2010) Nutrient requirements and recommended dietary allowances for Indians: a report of the expert group of the ICMR. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
Jayarajan P, Reddy V, Mohanram M (1980) Effect of dietary fat on absorption of beta carotene from green leafy vegetables in children. Indian J Med Res 71:53–56
Johnson S, Saikia N (2009) Fatty acids profile of edible oils and fats in India. Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi
Laxmaiah A, Nair MK, Arlappa N, Raghu P, Balakrishna N, Rao KM, Galreddy C, Kumar S, Ravindranath M, Rao VV, Brahmam GN (2012) Prevalence of ocular signs and subclinical vitamin A deficiency and its determinants among rural pre-school children in India. Public Health Nutr 15(4):568–577
Mashurabad PC, Kondaiah P, Palika R, Ghosh S, Nair MK, Raghu P (2016) Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits intestinal β-carotene absorption by downregulation of lipid transporter expression via PPAR-α dependent mechanism. Arch Biochem Biophys 590:118–124
Nagao A, Kotake-Nara E, Hase M (2013) Effects of fats and oils on the bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E in vegetables. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 77(5):1055–1060
O’Connell O, Ryan L, O’Sullivan L, Aherne-Bruce SA, O’Brien NM (2008) Carotenoid micellarization varies greatly between individual and mixed vegetables with or without the addition of fat or fiber. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 78:238–246
Palika R, Mashurabad PC, Kilari S, Kasula S, Nair KM, Raghu P (2013) Citric acid mediates the iron absorption from low molecular weight human milk fractions. J Agric Food Chem 61(46):11151–11157
Pullakhandam R, Failla ML (2007) Micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of beta-carotene and lutein from drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves. J Med Food 10(2):252–257
Ramachandran P (2009) Nutrition transition India 1947–2007. Nutrition Foundation of India, New Delhi, pp 278–286
Reboul E (2013) Absorption of vitamin A and carotenoids by the enterocyte: focus on transport proteins. Nutrients 5(9):3563–3581
Reboul E, Richelle M, Perrot E, Desmoulins-Malezet C, Pirisi V, Borel P (2006) Bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E from their main dietary sources. J Agric Food Chem 54(23):8749–8755
Rich GT, Faulks AL, Parker ML, Wickham MS, Fillery-Travis A (2003) Solubilization of carotenoids from carrot juice and spinach in lipid phases: I. Modeling the gastric lumen. Lipids 38(9):933–945
Schweiggert RM, Mezger D, Schimpf F, Steingass CB, Carle R (2012) Influence of chromoplast morphology on carotenoid bioaccessibility of carrot, mango, papaya, and tomato. Food Chem 135(4):2736–2742
Schweiggert RM, Kopec RE, Villalobos-Gutierrez MG, Högel J, Quesada S, Esquivel P, Schwartz SJ, Carle R (2014) Carotenoids are more bioavailable from papaya than from tomato and carrot in humans: a randomised cross-over study. Br J Nutr 111(3):490–498
Sivakumar B, Nair KM, Sreeramulu D, Suryanarayana P, Ravinder P, Shatrugna V, Kumar PA, Raghunath M, Vikas RV, Balakrishna N, Kumar PU, Raghuramulu N (2006) Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: biochemical status. Nutrition 22(1):S15–S25
Tyssandier V, Lyan B, Borel P (2001) Main factors governing the transfer of carotenoids from emulsion lipid droplets to micelles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1533(3):285–292
Unlu NZ, Bohn T, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ (2005) Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. J Nutr 135(3):431–436
Van het Hof KH, Brouwer IA, West CE, Haddeman E, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Van Dusseldorp M, Weststrate JA, Hautvast JG (1999) Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of β-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 70(2):261–268
Veda S, Platel K, Srinivasan K (2007) Varietal differences in the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from mango (Mangifera indica) and papaya (Carica papaya) fruits. J Agric Food Chem 55(19):7931–7935
World Health Organization (2009) Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (1995–2005). WHO, Geneva
Xia Z, McClements DJ, Xiao H (2015) Influence of physical state of β-carotene (crystallized versus solubilized) on bioaccessibility. J Agric Food Chem 63(3):990–997
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Government of India-(5/9/1076/2012-NUT). PCM and YWJ are supported by a Senior and Junior Research Fellowship, respectively from University Grants Commission, Government of India. We thank Dr. Ahmad Ibrahim, Scientist E, National Institute of Nutrition for fatty acid analysis and critical suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mashurabad, P.C., Palika, R., Jyrwa, Y.W. et al. Dietary fat composition, food matrix and relative polarity modulate the micellarization and intestinal uptake of carotenoids from vegetables and fruits. J Food Sci Technol 54, 333–341 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2466-7
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2466-7