Abstract
The simultaneous optimization of a synergistic blend of oleoresin sage (SAG) and ascorbyl palmitate (AP) in sunflower oil (SO) was performed using central composite and rotatable design coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and response surface methodology (RSM). The physicochemical parameters viz., peroxide value, anisidine value, free fatty acids, induction period, total polar matter, antioxidant capacity and conjugated diene value were considered as response variables. PCA reduced the original set of correlated responses to few uncorrelated principal components (PC). The PC1 (eigen value, 5.78; data variance explained, 82.53 %) was selected for optimization using RSM. The quadratic model adequately described the data (R 2 = 0. 91, p < 0.05) and lack of fit was insignificant (p > 0.05). The contour plot of PC 1 score indicated the optimal synergistic combination of 1289.19 and 218.06 ppm for SAG and AP, respectively. This combination of SAG and AP resulted in shelf life of 320 days at 25 °C estimated using linear shelf life prediction model. In conclusion, the versatility of PCA–RSM approach has resulted in an easy interpretation in multiple response optimizations. This approach can be considered as a useful guide to develop new oil blends stabilized with food additives from natural sources.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ames AE, Mattucci N, Macdonald S, Szonyi G, Hawkins DM (1997) Quality loss functions for optimization across multiple response surfaces. J Qual Technol 29:339–346
AOCS (1993) Official methods and recommended practices of the American oil chemists’ society. AOCS Press, Champaign
AOCS (2004) Official methods and recommended practices of the American oil chemists’ society, Champaign
Beebe KR, Pell RJ, Seasholtz MB (1998) Chemometrics: a practical guide. Wiley, New York, p 348
Bratchell N (1989) Multivariate response surface modeling by principal components analysis. J Chemometr 3:579–588
Carlyle WM, Montgomery DC, Runger GC (2000) Optimization problems and methods in quality control and improvement. J Qual Technol 32:1–17
Cuvelier ME, Richard H, Berset C (1996) Antioxidative activity & phenolic composition of pilot plant & commercial extracts of sage & rosemary. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73:645–652
Ellekjaer MR, Ilseng MA, Naes T (1996) A case study of the use of experimental design and multivariate analysis in product improvement. Food Qual Prefer 7:29–36
Farhoosh R (2007) The effect of operational parameters of the Rancimat method on the determination of the oxidative stability measures and shelf life prediction of soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 84:205–209
Frankel EN, Huang SW, Aeschbach R, Prior E (1996) Antioxidant activity of rosemary extract and its constituents, carnosoic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid, in bulk oil and oil-in-water emulsion. J Agric Food Chem 44:131–135
Hamied AA, Nassar AG, Badry NE (2009) Investigations on antioxidant & antibacterial activities of some natural extracts. World J Dairy Food Sci 4:1–7
Harrington J (1965) The desirability function. Ind Qual Control 21:494–498
Hopia AI, Huang SW, Schwarz K, German JB, Frankel EN (1996) Effect of different lipid systems on antioxidant activity of rosemary constituents carnosol and carnosic acid with and without α-tocopherol. J Agric Food Chem 44:2030–2036
Hras AR, Hadolin M, Knez Z, Bauman D (2000) Comparison of antioxidative and synergistic effects of rosemary extract with α-tocopherol, Ascorbyl palmitate and citric acid in sunflower oil. Food Chem 71:229–233
IUPAC (1987) Standard methods for the analysis oils and fats and derivatives, 7th edn. Pergamon, Oxford
Jaswir I, Man YBC (1999) Use optimization of natural antioxidants in refined, bleached, and deodorized palm olein during repeated deep-fat frying using response surface methodology. J Am Oil Chem Soc 76:341–348
Jaswir I, Man YBC, Kitts DD (2000) Optimization of physicochemical changes of palm olein with phytochemical antioxidants during deep-fat frying. J Am Oil Chem Soc 77:1161–1168
Kochhar SP, Rossell JB (1990) Detection, estimation and evaluation of antioxidants in food systems. In: Hudson BJF (ed) Food antioxidants. Elsevier, New York, pp 19–64
Larmond E (1987) Laboratory methods for sensory evaluation of food, publication 1637/E. Ottawa, Canada Department of Agricultural Research Branch
Montgomery DC, Runger GC (2003) Applied statistics and probability for engineers. Wiley, New York
Murakami M, Yamaguchi T, Takamura H, Matoba T (2003) Effects of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol on antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds. Food Chem Toxicol 68:1622–1625
Myers RH, Montgomery DC (2002) Response surface methodology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, p 798
Ock-Sook YI, Han D, Shin HK (1991) Synergistic antioxidative effects of tocopherol and ascorbic acid in fish oil/lecithin/water system. J Am Oil Chem Soc 68:881–883
Popov I, Lewin G (1999) Photochemiluminescent detection of antiradical activity. VI. Antioxidant characteristics of human blood plasma, low density lipoprotein, serum albumin and amino acids during in-vitro oxidation. Luminescence 14:169–174
Ribeiro JS, Teófilo RF, Augusto F, Ferreira MMC (2010) Simultaneous optimization of the microextraction of coffee volatiles using response surface methodology and principal component analysis. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 102:45–52
Rietjens IMCM, Boersma MG, Haan L, Spenkelink B, Awad HM, Cnubben NHP, Zanden JJ, Woude H, Alink GM, Koeman JH (2002) The pro-oxidant chemistry of the natural antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and flavonoids. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 11:321–333
Saguy IS, Shani A, Weinberg P, Garti N (1996) Utilization of jojoba oil for deep-fat frying of foods. Food Sci Technol 29:573–577
Upadhyay R, Mishra HN (2014) Antioxidant activity measurement of oleoresin from rosemary and sage. Ind Crop Prod 61:453–459
Upadhyay R, Mishra HN (2015a) Multivariate analysis for kinetic modeling of oxidative stability and shelf life estimation of sunflower oil blended with sage (Salvia officinalis) extract under Rancimat conditions. Food Bioprocess Technol 8: 801–810
Upadhyay R, Mishra HN (2015b) Predictive modeling for shelf life estimation of sunflower oil blended with oleoresin rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and ascorbyl palmitate at low and high temperatures. Food Sci Technol 60:42–49
Upadhyay R, Mishra HN (2015c) A multivariate approach to optimise the synergistic blend of oleoresin rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and ascorbyl palmitate added into sunflower oil. Int J Food Sci Technol 50:974–981
Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai HL (2002) Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Food Chem 79:307–313
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Synthite Industries Limited, India for providing the raw materials (oleoresin SAG and refined SO) and chemical standard (AP) to conduct this study. The financial support by Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (No. BT/FNS/01/05/2008 dated 25/03/2008) for this research is highly acknowledged. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Research Highlights
• Sunflower oil blended with sage and ascorbyl palmitate at different levels.
• CCRD was used as experimental design to obtain an optimized synergistic blend.
• A newer methodology based on simultaneous optimization using PCA-RSM approach used.
• Optimized blend contain 1289.19 and 218.06 ppm of sage and ascorbyl palmitate.
• Versatility of PCA-RSM simplified the interpretation of multiresponse optimization.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Upadhyay, R., Mishra, H.N. Multivariate optimization of a synergistic blend of oleoresin sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and ascorbyl palmitate to stabilize sunflower oil. J Food Sci Technol 53, 1919–1928 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2157-9
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2157-9