Abstract
Conventional industrial frying systems are not optimised towards homogeneous product quality, which is partly related to poor oil distribution across the packed bed of fries. In this study we investigate an alternative frying system with an oil cross-flow from bottom to top through a packed bed of fries. Fluidization of rectangular fries during frying was characterised with a modified Ergun equation. Mixing was visualized by using two coloured layers of fries and quantified in terms of mixing entropy. Smaller fries mixed quickly during frying, while longer fries exhibited much less mixing, which was attributed to the higher minimum fluidization velocity and slower dehydration for longer fries. The cross-flow velocity was found an important parameter for the homogeneity of the moisture content of fries. Increased oil velocities positively affected moisture distribution due to a higher oil refresh rate. However, inducing fluidization caused the moisture distribution to become unpredictable due to bed instabilities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asif M (2011) Effect of volume-contraction on incipient fluidization of binary-solid mixtures. Particuology 9(2):101–106. doi:10.1016/j.partic.2010.11.001
Blumenthal MM, Stier RF (1991) Optimization of deep-fat frying operations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2:144–148 Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VHY-49S83GG-3K/2/2a44ffb923f5c7fe849429d53412e15c
Costa, R. M., Oliveira, F. A. R., Delaney, O., & Gekas, V. (1999). Analysis of the heat transfer coefficient during potato frying. J. Food Eng 39(3), 293–299. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(98)00169–1
Costa RM, Oliveira FAR, Boutcheva G (2001) Structural changes and shrinkage of potato during frying. Int J Food Sci Technol 36(1):11–23 Retrieved from <Go to ISI>://000165879300002
Duru P, Nicolas M, Hinch J, Guazzelli É (2002) Constitutive laws in liquid-fluidized beds. J Fluid Mech 452:371–404. doi:10.1017/S0022112001007017
Ergun S (1949) Fluid flow through randomly packed columns and fluidized beds. Ind Eng Chem 41(6):1179–1184
Farkas BE, Hubbard LJ (2000) Analysis of convective heat transfer during immersion frying. Dry Technol 18(6):1269–1285 Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034035660&partnerID=40&md5=f7d15732b732fdde3c22b2d9c9a7aecc
Hewitt GF (2002) Single phase fluid flow. In heat exchanger design handbook. Begell House, New York
Huffaker B (2003) North American potato market news. Idaho Falls, Idaho
Krokida MK, Oreopoulou V, Maroulis ZB (2000) Water loss and oil uptake as a function of frying time. J Food Eng 44(1):39–46. doi:10.1016/S0260-8774(99)00163-6
Krokida MK, Oreopoulou V, Maroulis ZB (2001) Effect of pre-drying on quality of French Fries. J Food Eng 49:347–354
Krozel JW, Palazoglu AN, Powell RL (2000) Experimental observation of dip-coating phenomena and the prospect of using motion control to minimize fluid retention. Chem Eng Sci 55:3639–3650
Li L, Ma W (2011) Experimental study on the effective particle diameter of a packed bed with Non-spherical particles. Transp Porous Media 89(1):35–48. doi:10.1007/s11242-011-9757-2
Moyano PC, Pedreschi F (2006) Kinetics of oil uptake during frying of potato slices:: Effect of pre-treatments. LWT Food Sci Technol 39(3):285–291. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2005.01.010
Nitz M, Taranto OP (2007) Drying of beans in a pulsed fluid bed dryer: drying kinetics, fluid-dynamic study and comparisons with conventional fluidization. J Food Eng 80(1):249–256. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.05.025
Ozahi E, Gundogdu MY, Carpinlioglu MÖ (2008) A modification on ergun’s correlation for use in cylindrical packed beds with Non-spherical particles. Adv Powder Technol 19(4):369–381. doi:10.1163/156855208X314985
Schutyser MAI, Padding JT, Weber FJ, Briels WJ, Rinzema A, Boom R (2001) Discrete particle simulations predicting mixing behavior of solid substrate particles in a rotating drum fermenter. Biotechnol Bioeng 75(6):666–675. doi:10.1002/bit.1192
Senadeera W, Bhandari BR, Young G, Wijesinghe B (2000) Methods for effective fluidization of particulate food materials. Dry Technol 18(7):1537–1557. doi:10.1080/07373930008917792
Srinivasakannan C, Balasubramanian N (2008) An analysis on modeling of fluidized bed drying of granular material. Adv Powder Technol 19(1):73–82. doi:10.1163/156855208X291774
Stier RF (2004) Frying as a science - an introduction. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 106(11):715–721 Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-10644233043&partnerID=40&md5=f0c646d9bf44d3338882df2185ea7cba
Van Koerten KN, Schutyser MAI, Somsen D, Boom RM (2015) A pore inactivation model for describing oil uptake of French fries during pre-frying. J Food Eng 146:92–98. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.09.010
Vitrac O, Trystram G, Raoult-Wack A-L (2000) Deep-fat frying of food: heat and mass transfer, transformations and reactions inside the frying material. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 102(8–9):529–538. doi:10.1002/1438-9312(200009)102:8/9<529::aid-ejlt529>3.0.co;2-f
Ziaiifar AM, Courtois F, Trystram G (2010) Porosity development and its effect on oil uptake during frying process. J Food Process Eng 33(2):191–212. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4530.2008.00267.x
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by GO Gebundelde innovatiekracht and EFRO, an initiative by the European Union. Co-partners in the study were Aviko B.V., machinefabriek Baltes and van Lente elektrotechniek. The authors also acknowledge Hua Shan, Msc student from Wageningen University, for his help with the experimental work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
van Koerten, K.N., Schutyser, M.A.I., Somsen, D. et al. Cross-flow deep fat frying and its effect on fry quality distribution and mobility. J Food Sci Technol 53, 1939–1947 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2070-2
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2070-2