Abstract
Detection of milk fat adulteration with foreign fats/oils continues to be a challenge for the dairy industry as well as food testing laboratories, especially in the present scenario of rampant adulteration using the scientific knowledge by unscrupulous persons involved in the trade. In the present investigation a rapid reversed-phase thin layer chromatographic (RP-TLC) protocol was standardized to ascertain the purity of milk fat. RP-TLC protocol did not show any false positive results in the genuine ghee (clarified butter fat) samples of known origin. Adulteration of ghee with coconut oil up to 7. 5 %, soybean oil, sunflower oil and groundnut oil up to 1 %, while, designer oil up to 2 % level could be detected using the standardized RP-TLC protocol. The protocol standardized is rapid and convenient to use.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aktas N, Kaya M (2001) Detection of beef body fat and margarine in butter fat by differential scanning calorimetry. J Therm Anal Calorim 66:795–801
Arun K, Lal D, Seth R, Sharma R (2002) Recent trends in detection of adulteration in milk fat—a review. Indian J Dairy Sci 55:319–330
Arun K, Lal D, Seth R, Sharma V (2005) Detection of groundnut oil and vanaspati in ghee by thin layer chromatography. Indian J Dairy Sci 58:250–252
Bailey AE (1951) Industrial oil and fat products. Interscience Publishers Inc., New York
Chourasia LO, Patil MN, Jaiswal PK (1994) Detection of kokum fat in ghee by thin layer chromatography. J Oil Technolgists India 26:115
Coni E, Di Pasquale M, Coppolelli P, Bocca A, Di Pasquale M (1994) Detection of animal fats in butter by differential scanning calorimetry: a pilot study. J Am Oil Chem Soc 8:807–810
De S (2011) Outlines of dairy technology. Oxford University Press, New Delhi
Fontech J, Diaz V, Fraga MJ, Juarez M (1998) Triglyceride analysis by gas chromatography in assessment of authenticity of goat milk fat. J Am Oil Chem Soc 12:1893–1896
IDF (1966) Detection of vegetable fat in milk fat by thin layer chromatography of steryl acetates. FIL-IDF 38
Jarusiewics J, Sherm J, Fried B (2005) Separation of sterols by reverse phase and argentation thin layer chromatography. Their identification in shail bodies. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 28:2607–2617
Kala Amrutha AL (2013) Detection of possible adulteration in commercial ghee samples using low-resolution gas chromatography triglyceride profiles Int. J Dairy Technol 66:346–351
Keeney MKC, Bachman HH, Tikriti AS, King L (1971) Rapid vitamin E method for detecting the adulteration of dairy products with non-coconut vegetable oils. Indian J Dairy Sci 54:1702–1703
Mahon JH, Chapman RA (1954) Detection of adulteration of butter with vegetable oils by means of the tocopherol content. Anal Chem 26:1195
Markuze-Zofia RZH (1962) Method for the estimation of tocopherol content of butter and its use for the detection of adulteration with vegetable fats. Warsz 13:255–262
Mathew TV, Kamath KS (1978) Detection of vegetable oils in ghee and vice-versa by reverse phase thin layer chromatography. Res Ind 23:168–169
Nazir DJ, Magar NG (1959) Tocopherol content of Indian butter and its use in detecting adulteration of butterfat. Indian J Dairy Sci 12:125
Ntakatsane PM, Liu XM, Zhou P (2013) Short communication: rapid detection of milk fat adulteration with vegetable oil by fluorescence spectroscopy. J Dairy Sci 96:2130–2136
Patel AA, Frede E (1991) Studies on thermal properties of cow and buffalo milk fats. Lebensm Wiss Technol 24:323–327
Patel AM, Sharma V, Lal D, Arora S (2011) Validation of crystallization time test, apparent solidification time test and complete liquification time test for detection of adulteration in ghee. Indian J Dairy Sci 64:298–304
Povolo M, Bonfitto E, Contarini G, Toppino M, Daghetta A (1999) Study on the performance of three different capillary gas chromatographic analysis in the evaluation of milk fat purity. J High Resolut Chromatogr 22:97–102
Precht D (1990) Quantification of animal body fats and vegetable fats in milk by triglyceride analysis. 22nd Int Dairy Cong 1:234
Precht D (1992) Detection of foreign fat in milk fat. 1. Quantitative detection of triacyl-glycerol formulae. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 194:1–8
Ramamurthy MK, Narayanan KM, Bhalerao VR, Dastur VN (1967) A TLC method for detection of adulteration of ghee with vegetable fats. Indian J Dairy Sci 20:11
Sharma V, Sudharshana RMJ, Arora S, Kumar A, Lal D, Seth R, Wadhwa BK, Sharma GS (2009) Applicability of enzymatic diagnostic kit for cholesterol estimation in ghee. J Food Sci Technol 46:244–246
Zachariah SP, Parmar SC, Bhavadasan MK, Nath BS (2010) Detection of adulteration of ghee with coconut oil or palm oil. Indian J Dairy Sci 63:278–282
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Director, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal for providing necessary facilities for carrying out the research. Due acknowledgement is being paid to Indian Council for Agricultural Research, New Delhi for providing the junior fellowship to the first author.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rani, A., Sharma, V., Arora, S. et al. A rapid reversed-phase thin layer chromatographic protocol for detection of adulteration in ghee (clarified milk fat) with vegetable oils. J Food Sci Technol 52, 2434–2439 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1208-3
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1208-3