Abstract
An integrated approach for management of aflatoxin contamination in chilli was undertaken by evaluating the fungicides, bioagents and plant extracts against Aspergillus flavus under both in vitro and field condition. Maximum inhibition of radial growth (91.1%) was observed with 0.3% mancozeb followed by captan (85.2%). Carbendazim (73%) was effective and superior over other systemic fungicides. A complete inhibition (100%) of A. flavus was observed in neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), nimbicidin and pongamia oil at 5%. An indigenous Pseudomonas fluorescens bioagent isolate inhibited (74.9%) the growth of A. flavus over Trichoderma harzianum (70.4%). The superior performing fungicides, plant extracts and bioagents identified under in vitro were used for challenge inoculation on chilli fruits and so also for field evaluation. The captan treated fruits recorded the least infection of A. flavus (1.6%) followed by P. fluorescens (2.0%), NSKE (2.2%) and nimbicidin treated fruits (7.8%) as against control (38.3%). As regards to field evaluation, the least incidence was recorded in NSKE sprayed chilli plot (1.6%) and was on par with captan (2.2%), P. fluorescens (2.4%) and T. harzianum (2.6%) compared to control (7.4%). Hence, a pre-harvest spray of NSKE (5%) or mancozeb (0.3%) or P. fluorescens (1 × 108 cfu/ml) 10 days before harvest of chilli is recommended for field level management of aflatoxin.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajithkumar K, Naik MK (2006) Detection of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus isolates from chilli and their management by post harvest treatments. J Food Sci Technol 43:200–204
Anjaiah V, Thakur RP, Koedam N (2006) Evaluation of bacteria and Trichoderma for biological control of pre-harvest seed infection by Aspergillus flavus in groundnut. Biocon Sci Technol 16:431–436
Anon (2000) The package of practices for high yield. University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Bansal RK, Sobti AK (1988) Control of Aspergillus flavus associated with groundnut seeds. Indian Phytopathol 41:643–645
Baquar Imam Zaidi S, Khan MI, Saxena SK (1991) Effect of fungicides on mycoflora of chick pea seeds. Indian Phytopathol 44:394–395
Bhuvaneshwari V, Subba Rao M (2001) Evaluation of Trichoderma viride antagonistic to post-harvest pathogens on mango. Indian Phytopathol 54:493–494
Debi Sharma, Choudhury BK, Awasthi MD (2002). Pesticide residues in chillies at harvest following Integrated pest and disease management. In: Int Conf Vegetables, Bangalore
Dorner JW, Cole RJ, Blankenship PD (1992) Use of biocompetitive agent to control pre harvest aflatoxin in drought stressed peanuts. J Food Prot 55(11):888–892
Manwar AV, Vaiganekar PD, Bhongale LS, Chincholkar SB (2000) In vitro suppression of plant pathogens by siderophores of fluorescent Pseudomonas. Indian J Microbiol 40:109–112
Meena SS, Mariappan V (1993) Effect of plant products on seed borne mycoflora of sorghum. Madras Agric J 80:383–387
Naik MK, Ajithkumar K, Waliyar F, Reddy SV (2003) Aflatoxin contamination in chilli-Biotechnological Approaches in detection and management. In: Samiyappan R (ed) Winter school on Biotechnological approaches in diagnosis and management of plant diseases of exporting horticultural crops. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
Naik MK, Rawal RD (2002) Disease resistance in horticultural crops. In: Sarath Babu B, Varaprasad KS, Anitha K, Prasad R, Chakrabarty SK, Chandrurkar PS (eds) Resource management in plant protection. Plant Protection Association of India, Hyderabad, pp 64–84
Nene YL (1971) Fungicides in plant disease control. Oxford and MH Publ Co, New Delhi, p 507
Panse VG, Sukhatme PV (1985) Statistical methods for agricultural workers. Indian council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, pp 145–155
Praveen Kumar L, Niranjana SR, Prakash HS, Shekar Shetty H (2000) Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens formulation against Pyricularia grisea in rice. Crop Improv 27:159–166
Raper KB, Fennell DI (1965) The genus Aspergillus. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p 686
Ray S, Ghosh M, Mukherjee N (1990) Fluorescent Pseudomonads for plant disease control. J Mycopathol Res 28:135–140
Reddy BN (1987) Antifungal properties of some plant extracts. Indian Phytopathol 40:551–553
Reddy CS, Reddy KRN, Raja Kumar N, Laha GS, Muralidharan K (2004) Exploration of aflatoxin contamination and its management in rice. J Mycol Pl Pathol 34:816–820
Savitri H, Sugunakar Reddy M, Muralimohan Reddy B (1998) Effect of seed treatment with fungicides and insecticides on seed borne fungi storage insect pests, seed viability and seedling vigour of groundnut. Seed Res 26:62–72
Sinha BK, Rajan KS, Pandey TN (1999) Effect of some plant extract on aflatoxin production neem (Azadirachta indica). Phytomedica 20:49–52
Snedecor WG, Cochran GW (1967) Statistical methods, 6th edn. Oxford and IBH Publ Co, Calcutta, p 67
Srivastava KK, Gupta PK, Tripathi YC, Sarvate R (1997) Antifungal activity of plant products on spermoplane fungi of Azdardirachta indica, neem seeds. Indian Forester 123:157–161
Suryavanshi AV, Deokar CD (2001) Effect of fungicides on growth and sporulation of fungal pathogen causing fruit rot of chilli. Madras Agric J 88:181–182
Tandon MP, Jamaluddin BV (1975) Chemical control of decay of fruit of Vitis vinifera caused by Aspergillus niger and Penicillum sp. Curr Sci 44:478
Tripathi DP, Singh BR (1991) Mycoflora of soybean and their control. Madras Agric J 78:130–132
Vanamala A, Thakur RP, Rao VP, Sharma KK, Cornelis P, Koedam N (2001) A biological control approach making use of rhizobacteria and soil fungi for soilborne post harvest infection of Aspergillus flavus in groundnut. 10 BC/WPRS Bull 24(3):151–155
Vincent JM (1927) Distortion of fungal hyphae in the presence of certain inhibitors. Nature 159:850
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sudha, S., Naik, M.K. & Ajithkumar, K. An integrated approach for the reduction of aflatoxin contamination in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). J Food Sci Technol 50, 159–164 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0471-4
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0471-4