Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Site-Based Analysis of Relationship Between Clinicopathological Factors and Their Influence on Locoregional Recurrence in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In India, oral cancers are the major cause of cancer-related death. Tongue and buccal mucosa being the major subsites in oral cancer have varying clinicopathological presentations. This study is intended to know the difference in clinicopathological behavior of these two subsites. This retrospective study included 474 patients of which 232 patients had tongue cancer and 242 patients had buccal alveolar complex (BAC) cancer. Comparison between the pathological characters including pattern of nodal involvement was analyzed. Disease-free survival (DFS) and factors influencing the DFS were analyzed and compared using Cox regression analysis. Mean age of the study population was 52.7 years. Tongue oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) differed significantly from BAC OSCC in terms of age of presentation, tumor staging, and perineural invasion. Among neck nodal involvement, tongue OSCC commonly involved level IIa (p < 0.001) whereas BAC involved level Ib (p < 0.001). At a median follow-up of 27 months, 141 patients had disease recurrence, tongue OSCC commonly recurred in neck (p = 0.008), and BAC OSCC relapsed at primary site (p = 0.001). Patients older than 45 years with BAC cancer had lesser risk of recurrence (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.2–0.5; p < 0.0001). Pathological tumor stage in tongue cancer (HR, 14.9; 95% CI, 2.6–84.8; p = 0.002) and grade of tumor differentiation in BAC OSCC (HR, 9.2; 95% CI, 1.9–43.3; p < 0.005) were the most significant factors that influenced tumor recurrence. There was a significant difference in factors influencing disease recurrence among tongue and BAC OSCC. Also, pattern of nodal metastasis and pattern of recurrence were different. Hence, further research on OSCC may be done site specific.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mathur P, Sathishkumar K, Chaturvedi M, Das P, Sudarshan KL et al (2020) Cancer statistics, 2020: report from national cancer registry programme, India. JCO Glob Oncol 6:1063–1075

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sarode G, Maniyar N, Sarode SC, Jafer M, Patil S et al (2020) Epidemiologic aspects of oral cancer. Disease-a-Month 66(12):100988

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mummudi N, Agarwal JP, Chatterjee S, Mallick I, Ghosh-Laskar S (2019) Oral cavity cancer in the Indian subcontinent–challenges and opportunities. Clin Oncol 31(8):520–528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Niaz K, Maqbool F, Khan F, Bahadar H, Hassan FI, Abdollahi M (2017) Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer. Epidemiol Health 39:e2017009

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Rahman QB, Iocca O, Kufta K, Shanti RM (2020) Global burden of head and neck cancer. Oral Maxil Surg Clin 32(3):367–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Sreekumar VN (2019) Global scenario of research in oral cancer. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 18:354–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Nair S, Singh B, Pawar PV, Datta S, Nair D et al (2016) Squamous cell carcinoma of tongue and buccal mucosa: clinico-pathologically different entities. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 273(11):3921–3928

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL et al (eds) (2017) AJCC cancer staging manual, 8th edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sathyan KM, Sailasree R, Jayasurya R, Lakshminarayanan K, Abraham T, Nalinakumari KR et al (2006) Carcinoma of tongue and the buccal mucosa represent different biological subentities of the oral carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 132(9):601–609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen CC, Lin JC, Chen KW (2015) Lymph node ratio as a prognostic factor in head and neck cancer patients. Radiat Oncol 10(1):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cancer tomorrow [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 7]. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/tomorrow/en/dataviz/isotype?years=2030&single_unit=500000

  12. Riju J, Tirkey AJ, Babu M, Anto R, Baitule AM, Vidya K, et al. Difference in clinical presentation and their significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma – a retrospective analysis [Internet]. In Review; 2022 Jan [cited 2022 May 8]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1159763/v1

  13. Tagliabue M, Belloni P, De Berardinis R, Gandini S, Chu F, Zorzi S et al (2021) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prognostic role of age in oral tongue cancer. Cancer Med 10(8):2566–2578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Wu EL, Peesay T, Randall JA, Nelson LL, Shearer SC, Johnson BC et al (2022) Increased body mass index predicts prolonged survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 44(2):325–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ramos-Garcia P, Roca-Rodriguez M (2021 Apr) del M, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Gonzalez-Moles MA. Diabetes mellitus and oral cancer/oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis 27(3):404–421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Liao CT, Huang SF, Chen IH, Kang CJ, Lin CY, Fan KH et al (2010) Tongue and buccal mucosa carcinoma: is there a difference in outcome? Ann Surg Oncol 17(11):2984–2991

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Su WW, Su C, Chang D, Chuang S, Chen SL, Hsu C et al (2019) Impact of varying anatomic sites on advanced stage and survival of oral cancer: 9-year prospective cohort of 27717 cases. Head Neck 41(5):1475–1483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Majumdar KS, Kottayasamy Seenivasagam R, Maharaj DD, Mandol A et al (2022) Clinicopathological difference between gingivobuccal and oral tongue cancers: a cross-sectional observational study from a tertiary healthcare centre in Northern India. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 6:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  19. Liao CT, Wen YW, Yang LY, Lee SR, Ng SH et al (2017) Comparative clinical outcomes of Taiwanese patients with resected buccal and tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 67:95–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Daniell J, Udovicich C, Rowe D, McDowell L, Vital D et al (2020) Impact of histological oral tongue cancer margins on locoregional recurrence: a multi-centre retrospective analysis. Oral Oncol 111:105004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Anand AK, Agarwal P, Gulia A, Goel V, Jain J et al (2017) Significance of perineural invasion in locally advanced bucco alveolar complex carcinomas treated with surgery and postoperative radiation ± concurrent chemotherapy. Head Neck 39(7):1446–1453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Schwartz JL, Gu X, Kittles RA, Baptiste A, Shklar G (2000) Experimental oral carcinoma of the tongue and buccal mucosa: possible biologic markers linked to cancers at two anatomic sites. Oral Oncol 36(2):225–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India

    Jeyashanth Riju, Amit Jiwan Tirkey, Konduru Vidya, Mansi Agarwal & Antony Paulose

  2. Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK

    Malavika Babu

  3. Department of Pathology, CMC, Vellore, India

    Reshma Kurian

Authors
  1. Jeyashanth Riju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Amit Jiwan Tirkey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Konduru Vidya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mansi Agarwal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Malavika Babu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Reshma Kurian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Antony Paulose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeyashanth Riju.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Riju, J., Tirkey, A.J., Vidya, K. et al. A Site-Based Analysis of Relationship Between Clinicopathological Factors and Their Influence on Locoregional Recurrence in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Indian J Surg Oncol 14, 733–741 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-023-01750-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-023-01750-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation