Abstract
There is an extensive literature on the use of community-based outreach for breast health programs. While authors often report that outreach was conducted, there is rarely information provided on the effort required for outreach. This paper seeks to establish a template for the systematic evaluation of community-based outreach. We describe three types of outreach used by our project, explain our evaluation measures, present data on our outreach efforts, and demonstrate how these metrics can be used to inform a project’s decisions about which types of outreach are most effective.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
National Cancer Institute. (2013) Breast Cancer. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast. Accessed 10 Jul 2013.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012) Breast Cancer. http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/race.htm. Accessed 21 Mar 2012.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Recommendations for adults: cancer. Rockville, MD: US Preventive Services Task Force; 2011. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/adultrec.htm. Accessed 17 Jan 2012.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Cancer screening—United States, 2010. MMWR 61(3):41–45
Rauscher G, Johnson TP, Young IC, Walk JA (2008) Accuracy of self-reported cancer-screening histories: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:748
Fowler BA, Rodney M, Roberts S, Broadus L (2005) Collaborative breast health intervention for African American women of lower socioeconomic status. Oncol Nurs Forum 32(6):1207–1216
Phillips CE, Rothstein JD, Beaver K, Sherman B, Freund KM, Battaglia TA (2011) Patient navigation to increase mammography screening among inner city women. J Gen Intern Med 26(2):123–129
Lacey LP, Phillips CW, Ansell D, Whitman S, Ebie N, Chen E (1989) An urban community-based cancer prevention screening and health education intervention in Chicago. Public Health Reports 104(6):537–541
Weber BE, Reilly BM (1997) Enhancing mammography use in the inner city. Arch Intern Med 157(10):2345–2349
Champion VL, Springston JK, Zollinger TW, Saywell RM, Monahan PO, Zhao Q, Russell KM (2006) Comparison of three interventions to increase mammography screening in low income African American women. Cancer Detect Prev 30:535–544
Worden JK, Mickey RM, Vacek PM, Flynn BS, Solomon LJ, Secker-Walker RH, Skelly JM, Danigelis NL, Geller BM, Warner SL, Clark RA, Foster RS, Vezina JL, Hooper G (2002) Evaluation of a community breast screening promotion program. Prev Med 35:349–361
Masi CM, Blackman DJ, Peek ME (2007) Interventions to enhance breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment among racial and ethnic minority women. Med Care Res Rev 64(5 Suppl):195S–242S
Wells KJ, Luque JS, Miladinovic B, Vargas N, Asvat Y, Roetzheim RG, Kumar A (2011) Do community health worker interventions improve rates of screening mammography in the United States? A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20:1580–1598
Heyding RK, Cheung AM, Mocarski EJM, Moineddin R, Hwang SW (2005) A community-based intervention to increase screening mammography among disadvantaged women at an inner-city drop-in center. Women Health 41(1):21–31
Fernandez ME, DeBor M, Candreia MJ, Wagner K, Stewart KR (1999) Evaluation of ENCOREplus. A community-based breast and cervical cancer screening program. Am J Prev Med 16(3 Suppl):35–49
Pasick RJ, Hiatt RA, Paskett ED (2004) Lessons learned from community-based cancer screening intervention research. Cancer 101(5):1146–1164
Hirschman J, Whitman S, Ansell D, Grabler P, Allgood K (2006) Breast cancer in Chicago: eliminating disparities and improving mammography quality. Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago
Whitman S, Ansell D, Orsi J, Francois T (2011) The racial disparity in breast cancer mortality. J Commun Health 36(4):588–596
Mason TA, Thompson WW, Allen D, Rogers D, Gabram-Mendola S, Jacob Arriola KR (2013) Evaluation of the Avon Foundation community education and outreach initiative Community Patient Navigation Program. Heal Promot Pract 14:105–112
Gabram SGA, Lund MJB, Gardner J, Hatchett N, Bumpers HL, Okoli J, Rizzo M, Johnson BJ, Kirkpatrick GB, Brawley OW (2008) Effects of an outreach and internal navigation program on breast cancer diagnosis in an urban cancer center with a large African-American population. Cancer 113(3):602–607
Fouad MN, Partridge E, Dignan M, Holt C, Johnson R, Nagy C, Person S, Wynn T, Scarinci I (2010) Targeted intervetion strategies to increase and maintain mammography utilization among African American women. Am J Public Health 100(12):2526–2531
Keyzer JF, Melnikow J, Kuppermann M, Birch S, Kuenneth C, Nuovo J, Azari R, Oto-Kent D, Rooney M (2005) Recruitment strategies for minority participation: challenges and cost lessons from the POWER interview. Ethn Dis 15(3):395–406
Kiger H (2003) Outreach to multiethnic, multicultural, and multilingual women for breast cancer and cervical cancer education and screening: a model using professional and volunteer staffing. Fam Community Health 26(4):307–318
Hiatt RA, Pasick RJ, Stewart S, Bloom J, Davis P, Gardiner P, Luce J (2008) Cancer screening for underserved women: the Breast and Cervical Cancer Intervention Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(8):1945–1949
Gany FM, Shah SM, Changrani J (2006) New York City’s immigrant minorities. Reducing cancer health disparities. Cancer 107(8 Suppl):2071–2081
Danigelis NL, Ashley JA, Worden JK, Dorwaldt AL, Roberson NL (2001) Two community outreach strategies to increase breast cancer screening among low-income women. J Cancer Ed 16(1):55–58
Persell SD, Friesema EM, Dolan NC, Thompson JA, Kaiser D, Baker DW (2011) Effects of standardized outreach for patients refusing preventive services: a quasiexperimental quality improvement study. Am J Manage Care 17(7):e249–e254
Robinson CM, Beach ML, Greene MA, Cassells A, Tobin JN, Dietrich AJ (2010) Staffing time required to increase cancer-screening rates through telephone support. J Ambul Care 33(2):143–154
Lynch FL, Whitlock EP, Valanis BG, Smith SK (2004) Cost-effectiveness of a tailored intervention to increase screening in HMO women overdue for Pap test and mammography services. Prev Med 38(4):403–411
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hunt, B.R., Allgood, K., Sproles, C. et al. Metrics for the Systematic Evaluation of Community-Based Outreach. J Canc Educ 28, 633–638 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-013-0519-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-013-0519-4