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Indigenous Language Learning and Maintenance Among Young Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children

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Abstract

Internationally, cultural renewal and language revitalisation are occurring among Indigenous people whose lands were colonised by foreign nations. In Australia, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are striving for the re-voicing of their mother tongue and the re-practicing of their mother culture to achieve cultural renewal in the wake of over 250 years of colonisation (Williams in Recover, re-voice, re-practise. Sydney, NSW AECG Incorporated, 2013).While 120 Indigenous languages are still spoken in Australia today, little has been documented regarding the extent to which languages are learned and maintained by young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. The current paper offers a unique insight by drawing upon a large-scale dataset, Footprints in Time: the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC), to describe patterns of language use and maintenance among young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Of the 580 children followed longitudinally from the first wave of the baby cohort of LSIC (aged 0–1 years) until wave 4 (aged 3–5 years), approximately one in five (19.3 %) were reported to speak an Indigenous language. Children in the study were learning up to six languages simultaneously, including English (both Standard Australian English and Aboriginal Australian English), Indigenous languages, creoles, foreign languages (other than English) and sign languages. Social and environmental factors such as primary caregivers’ use of an Indigenous language and level of relative isolation were found to be associated with higher rates of Indigenous language maintenance. These findings have important implications for identifying ways of supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children to learn and maintain Indigenous languages during early childhood, especially for children who may not have the opportunity to learn an Indigenous language in the home environment and for children living in urban areas.

Résumé

Sur le plan international, un renouveau culturel et une revitalisation de la langue sont en cours chez les populations autochtones dont les terres ont été colonisées par des pays étrangers. En Australie, les peuples autochtones et du détroit de Torres se battent pour faire réentendre leur langue maternelle et pratiquer à nouveau leur culture maternelle pour réussir un renouveau culturel après plus de 250 ans de colonisation (Williams, 2013). Alors que 120 langues aborigènes australiennes sont encore parlées en Australie aujourd’hui, on a peu documenté jusqu’à quel point les langues sont apprises et maintenues chez les jeunes enfants autochtones et des îles du détroit de Torres. Le présent article offre un aperçu unique en s’appuyant sur un vaste ensemble de données, Footprints in Time: the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC) (Étude longitudinale des enfants autochtones), pour décrire les modes d’utilisation et de maintien de la langue chez les jeunes enfants autochtones et du détroit de Torres. Parmi les 580 enfants de la première vague de la cohorte de bébés de LSIC (âgés de 0 à 1 an) suivis longitudinalement jusqu’à la vague 4 (âgés de 3 à 5 ans), environ un sur cinq (19,3 %) a été signalé parler une langue autochtone. Les enfants de l’étude apprenaient jusqu’à six langues simultanément, y compris l’anglais (à la fois l’anglais standard australien et l’anglais aborigène australien), des langues autochtones, créoles, étrangères (autres que l’anglais), et la langue des signes. Des facteurs sociaux et environnementaux, comme l’utilisation d’une langue autochtone par la principale personne donnant des soins et le niveau d’isolement relatif, se sont avérés associés à des taux plus élevés de maintien de la langue autochtone. Ces résultats ont des implications importantes pour identifier des moyens de soutenir les enfants autochtones du détroit de Torres dans l’apprentissage et le maintien des langues autochtones pendant la petite enfance, en particulier les enfants qui n’auraient pas la possibilité d’apprendre une langue autochtone dans l’environnement de la maison et les enfants vivant en milieu urbain.

Resumen

A nivel internacional, un período de renovación cultural y una revitalización de lenguajes está ocurriendo entre indígenas cuyas tierras fueron colonizadas por naciones extranjeras. En Australia, los aborígenes y los isleños del Estrecho de Torres están luchando para la re-sonoridad de su lengua materna y la re-práctica de su cultura para lograr alcanzar la renovación cultural en la estela de más de 250 años de colonización (Williams, 2013). Mientras 120 lenguas indígenas de Australia todavía se hablan en el país hoy en día, poco se ha documentado en cuanto a la medida en que estos idiomas se aprenden y se mantienen por los niños aborígenes e isleños del Estrecho de Torres jóvenes. El presente documento ofrece un acercamiento único, basándose en un conjunto de datos a gran escala, “Huellas en el tiempo: el Estudio Longitudinal de Niños y niñas Indígenas” (LSIC), para indagar y describir los patrones de uso de la lengua y el mantenimiento de ésta entre los niños aborígenes e isleños del Estrecho de Torres. De los 580 niños seguidos de forma longitudinal desde la primera ola de niños incluídos en LSIC (edades de 0 a 1 año) hasta la cuarta ola (niños de 3 a 5 años), aproximadamente uno de cinco (19.3 %) se identificaron como aquellos que hablaban un lenguaje indígena. Los niños del estudio se encontraban aprendiendo hasta seis lenguas de manera simultánea, incluyendo el inglés (tanto el inglés Australiano estándar, como el inglés Australiano aborigen), Lenguajes indígenas, lenguas criollas y lenguajes extranjeros (además del Inglés) y lenguaje de señas. Factores sociales y medioambientales tales como el uso de lenguajes indígenas por parte de los primeros cuidadores y el nivel relativo de aislamiento, fueron identificados como variables asociadas a altas tasas de mantenimiento de lenguas indígenas. Estos hallazgos tienen implicancias importantes para la identificación de formas de apoyo a los niños y niñas aborígenes y a los isleños del Estrecho, de aprender y mantener las lenguas indígenas en la primera infancia, especialmente para los niños y niñas que no tienen la oportunidad de aprender el idioma indígena en el ambiente del hogar y para niños y niñas que viven en zonas urbanas.

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Notes

  1. Terminology used in LSIC database.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the contribution of the members of LSIC including the children and their families and the current and previous members of the LSIC steering committee, data team, and interviewers. We would specifically like to thank Deborah Kikkawa, Fiona Skelton and Laura Bennetts Kneebone from the LSIC data team for their ongoing support and advice on using and reporting these data. Sharynne McLeod acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT0990588). Sarah Verdon acknowledges support from a scholarship from the Department of Education, and an Excellence in Research in Early Years Education Collaborative Research Network scholarship from Charles Sturt University. The preparation of this paper was supported by the Excellence in Research in Early Years Education Collaborative Research Network, an initiative funded through the Australian Government’s Collaborative Research Networks (CRN) program. The Early Years Education Collaborative Research Network is an interdisciplinary group of researchers from Charles Sturt University, Queensland University of Technology, and Monash University who respect and acknowledge the importance of children and families in Australian Aboriginal cultures and acknowledge the many places of learning that have always been important to the traditional custodians of the lands on which we meet and work. The authors declare that they are not Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The opinions presented in this paper are those of the authors and are not a reflection of the Department of Social Services or of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

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Verdon, S., McLeod, S. Indigenous Language Learning and Maintenance Among Young Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children. IJEC 47, 153–170 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-015-0131-3

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