Abstract
Leptopanchax opalescens is a critically endangered small annual fish. Reproductive traits of this species were studied to improve our understanding of the strategies that facilitate the occupation of temporary wetlands. We compiled egg diameter and maximum total length data from 136 neotropical killifishes (Rivulidae) to establish comparisons between species with different life histories. We tested the hypothesis that annual killifishes have smaller body sizes and eggs than non-annual killifishes, which may be associated with different life spans and embryonic diapause. Fish were collected from the Guandu River Hydrographic Region (southeastern Brazil). DNA barcoding was employed to confirm the species’ identity. The phases of gonadal development and spawn type were described using histological techniques. Egg size and fecundity were determined. Females with batch spawning and males with continuous spawning were detected. The batch fecundity ranged from 22 to 32 vitellogenic oocytes (mean 27 ± 7 SD). Maximum body size was similar between the two life cycles (p = 0.24), but egg size was smaller for annual killifishes (p < 0.001). Spawning in batches, synchronous modal development of oocytes, continued production of sperm in males, and a complex process of embryonic diapause are reproductive traits that favor the resilience of L. opalescens and other annual fish in temporary wetlands. We conclude that body size is not related to lifespan and that factors underlying the selection of different egg sizes between annual and non-annual killifish species may be associated with different life history strategies to deal with stressful habitats.
Resumo
Leptopanchax opalescens é um pequeno peixe anual criticamente ameaçado. Características reprodutivas desta espécie foram estudadas para compreender as estratégias que facilitam a ocupação de áreas úmidas temporárias. Compilamos dados do diâmetro de ovo e comprimento total máximo de 136 rivulídeos neotropicais para estabelecer comparações entre espécies com diferentes histórias de vida. Testamos a hipótese de que rivulídeos anuais apresentam tamanho corporal e ovos menores do que rivulídeos não anuais, o que pode estar associado a diferentes tempos de vida e à diapausa embrionária. Peixes foram coletados na Região Hidrográfica do Rio Guandu (sudeste do Brasil). DNA foi empregado para confirmar a identidade da espécie. Fases do desenvolvimento gonadal e tipo de desova foram descritos com técnicas histológicas. O tamanho do ovo e fecundidade foram determinados. Foram detectadas fêmeas com desova em lotes e machos com produção contínua de esperma. A fecundidade do lote variou entre 22–32 (27 ± 7) ovócitos vitelogênicos. O tamanho corporal máximo foi semelhante entre os rivulídeos (p = 0.24), mas o tamanho dos ovos foi menor para espécies anuais (p < 0.001). Desova em lotes, desenvolvimento modal síncrono dos ovócitos, produção contínua de esperma em machos, e um complexo processo de diapausa embrionária são características reprodutivas que favorecem a resiliência de L. opalescens e outros peixes anuais em áreas úmidas temporárias. Concluímos que o tamanho do corpo não está relacionado ao tempo de vida, e que fatores subjacentes a seleção de diferentes tamanhos de ovos entre espécies anuais e não anuais podem estar associados a diferentes estratégias de história de vida para lidar com habitats estressantes.
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Funding
BRF S.A. funded this project (Proc. FAPUR/BRF # CRW2523134) and provide us access to the study area. This research was partially funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico — CNPq (Proc. #140512/2022-5, #304813/2015-0, #140559/2021-3), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa no Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ (Proc. #E-26 203.039/2017, #E-15 200.063/2019) and Fundo Brasileiro para a Biodiversidade – FUNBIO Conservando o Futuro and HUMANIZE Institute (Proc. # 028/2023).
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Gustavo Henrique Soares Guedes: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, formal analysis, writing – original draft. Iracema David Gomes: Methodology, formal analysis, review. Aparecida Alves do Nascimento: Methodology, formal analysis, review. Marcia Cristina Costa de Azevedo: Formal analysis, review. Igor Cavalcanti de Araújo Souto-Santos: Methodology, formal analysis, writing – original draft. Paulo Andreas Buckup: Writing – review, supervision. Francisco Gerson Araújo: Conceptualization, writing – review, supervision, funding acquisition.
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Guedes, G.H.S., Gomes, I.D., do Nascimento, A.A. et al. Reproductive Strategy of the Annual Fish Leptopanchax Opalescens (Rivulidae) and Trade-Off Between Egg Size and Maximum Body Length in Temporary Wetlands. Wetlands 43, 29 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-023-01680-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-023-01680-9