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Farm Ponds as Potential Complementary Habitats to Natural Wetlands in a Mediterranean Region

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Abstract

We compared morphometric and physico-chemical characteristics of farm ponds and natural wetlands in Andalusia (southern Spain) to determine whether artificial waterbodies might act as alternative and/or complementary habitats for aquatic biodiversity. Farm ponds were much smaller than natural wetlands, making them unsuitable for species requiring large waterbodies. However, we observed high farm pond density in areas lacking natural wetlands, which suggests a prime role for the conservation of species with low dispersal capacities. Natural-substrate ponds were abundant in traditional extensive farming systems and showed shoreline complexity as high as the most complex natural wetlands. Areas with more intensive agriculture were dominated by artificial-substrate ponds and wetlands, with low physical complexity in both. The high copper load in sediments, due to the use of copper sulphate as biocide, differentiated the artificial-substrate ponds from natural-looking ponds and all natural wetland types. Aqueous mineral levels in farm ponds were much lower than in natural wetlands. We can conclude that farm ponds might play a principal role in region-wide habitat complementarity, by providing a relatively high density of small, permanent, oligohaline waterbodies that is not matched by natural wetland. To enhance this role, measures regulating both pond construction and management are needed, particularly for artificial-substrate ponds.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Junta de Andalucía), under the contract: Consultoría y Asistencia Técnica para el Plan Andaluz de Balsas de Riego, and by the CICE, Junta de Andalucía, project: P06-RNM01709. We are indebted to all pond owners providing access to their properties, and the editors and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain

    J. Jesús Casas, Melchor Juan, Francisca Fuentes-Rodríguez, Irene Gallego & Encarnación Fenoy

  2. Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain

    Julia Toja, Patricio Peñalver & David León

  3. Instituto del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

    Carmen Pérez-Martínez

  4. Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

    Pedro Sánchez

  5. Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain

    Santiago Bonachela

  6. Departamento de Fitopatología, Labcolor-COEXPHAL, Almería, Spain

    M. Antonia Elorrieta

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  1. J. Jesús Casas
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  2. Julia Toja
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  6. Francisca Fuentes-Rodríguez
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  7. Irene Gallego
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  9. Carmen Pérez-Martínez
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  10. Pedro Sánchez
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  11. Santiago Bonachela
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  12. M. Antonia Elorrieta
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Correspondence to J. Jesús Casas.

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Casas, J.J., Toja, J., Peñalver, P. et al. Farm Ponds as Potential Complementary Habitats to Natural Wetlands in a Mediterranean Region. Wetlands 32, 161–174 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0265-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0265-5

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