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Groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural purposes, Saleh Abad (NE Iran): geochemical and statistical approaches

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Abstract

A hydrochemical campaign was carried out to evaluate groundwater chemical composition in Saleh Abad, NE Iran, in 2019. There were just 12 shallow wells which almost all people and their agricultural practices largely depend on them. physiochemical parameters including main cations and anions, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and total hardness were measured. Based on the chemical analysis of samples, the mean concentration of dissolved cations is in order of Mg > Na > Ca > K and for anionic species, the order is as follows: Cl > HCO3 > SO4 > CO3. Piper diagram revealed that the predominant water type is Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4, and the Gibbs diagram showed that the main contributing factor in current chemical composition is water–rock interactions. Also, the correlation coefficient results emphasized the importance of water–rock interactions in altering the chemistry of groundwater. This index explained that not only carbonate mineral phases, but also gypsum and anhydrite are responsible for the high content of Ca, Mg, HCO3, and SO4. And this idea supports by the composite diagrams’s results. Additionally, man-made factors such as sewage effluent and farmland return flow have an impact on the water quality as more than 50% of samples had nitrate concentration more than the safe limit, 45 ppm. For agricultural purposes, related indexed calculated. Adsorption ratio shows that all wells are placed in the excellent category, and based on the US salinity diagram, C3S1 is the predominant that represents water with low sodium. The sodium percentage displayed that most samples are within the good classification. What is more, water samples are characterized by good category with regard to residual sodium carbonate. Totally, SA water groundwater is relatively suitable for most soil types with the minor danger of sodium exchange processes that reduce soil permeability. Decreasing soil permeability has a significant harmful effect on crop production. Simply put, the major contributor in determining the chemical composition of Saleh Abad water resources is water–rock interactions and, to a lesser extent, anthropogenic inputs- farming lands and sewage effluent.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to Mr. Shahsawari from the Regional Water Company of Khorasan Razavi for providing the used data.

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  1. Peter Cook Centre for CCS Research, School of Geography, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia

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Mahaqi, A. Groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural purposes, Saleh Abad (NE Iran): geochemical and statistical approaches. Carbonates Evaporites 36, 58 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-021-00720-x

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